Excavation and characterization of refuse in closed landfill

Refuse in landfills becomes stabilized as organic matter in refuse degrades and soluble inorganic substances dissolve during their longterm stabilization process.In this paper,this process is also referred to as mineralization process and the resultant stabilized refuse referred to as aged refuse.Aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and huge quantity of microorganisms with strong decomposition capability for refractory organic matter present in some wastewater such as leachate.In this study,aged refuse excavated from 2 to 10 years old closed landfill compartments in Shanghai Refuse Landfill is characterized in terms of particulate distribution by screening,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,biodegradable matter.The approaches for redevelopment of both land and aged refuse in the stabilized landfills are proposed.     

Effects of calcined aluminum salts on the advanced dewatering and solidification/stabilization of sewage sludge

The high moisture content (80%) in the sewage dewatered sludge is the main obstacle to disposal and recycling. A chemical dewatering and stabilization/solidification (S/S) alternative for the sludge was developed, using calcined aluminum salts (AS) as solidifier, and CaCl2, Na2SO4 and CaSO4 as accelerators, to enhance the mechanical compressibility making the landfill operation possible. The properties of the resultant matrixes were determined in terms of moisture contents, unconfined compressive strength, products of hydration, and toxicity characteristics. The results showed that AS exhibited a moderate pozzolanic activity, and the mortar AS0 obtained with 5% AS and 10% CaSO4 of AS by weight presented a moisture contents below 50%–60% and a compressive strength of (51.32 ± 2.9) kPa after 5–7 days of curing time, meeting the minimum requirement for sanitary landfill. The use of CaSO4 obviously improved the S/S performance, causing higher strength level. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetrydifferential scanning calorimetry investigations revealed that a large amount of hydrates (viz., gismondine and CaCO3) were present in solidified sludge, leading to the depletion of evaporable water and the enhancement of the strength. In addition, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and horizontal vibration (HJ 557-2009) leaching test were conducted to evaluate their environmental compatibility. It was found that the solidified products conformed to the toxicity characteristic criteria in China and could be safely disposed of in a sanitary landfill.     

我国城市垃圾填埋存在的问题与热点

城市垃圾围城问题日益迫切,生活垃圾的填埋仍然是我国现阶段应对广大城镇垃圾处置问题的主要方法。而由于国内城市垃圾填埋场建设和维护往往不严格遵循建设规范的要求,其环境风险仍然广泛存在。本文在重新明确填埋场技术规范的基础上,立足我国存量垃圾现状,结合国内外的研究．介绍了城市垃圾填埋处置中有较高应用价值的技术和理念。并对相关技术的实施要点作了适当概括．以期为国内生活垃圾填埋场管理和建设提供参考。     

焚烧、水泥窑和安全填埋法处置PCBs污染物技术优选

应用层次分析法和专家调查法,综合考虑环境、技术、社会和经济因素,建立了PCBs处置技术选择与评估的层次模型,分析了影响PCBs处置技术方案选择的重要因素.针对3种有较大应用前景的PCBs污染物处置技术,开展定性与定量相结合的方案评价.在处置对象为低浓度与高浓度PCBs污染物2种情况下,分别进行方案的优选.研究指出,环境影响是最重要的因素,在目前中国现有国情条件下,焚烧法是最适宜的PCBs处置技术.对高浓度PCBs污染物,或低浓度污染物具备经济条件或处理量较大,宜采取专用焚烧炉焚烧处置.对低浓度污染物,在不具备经济条件且处理量不大的情况下,可考虑利用水泥窑法或安全填埋法进行处置,并且参考就近处理的原则.此外,对不同技术方案的适用条件和改进措施也进行了探讨,并在此基础上提出了提高PCBs处置水平的政策建议.     

含磷基材固化/稳定化铅污染土的铅形态演化和浸出特性

采用过磷酸钙-水泥(SSPC)及水泥(OPC)固化稳定铅(Pb)重金属污染土。通过无侧限抗压强度(UCS)、毒性浸出(TCLP)试验研究了铅污染土固化体的力学和浸出特性,并通过形态提取(BCR)分析了固化体中铅赋存形态,结合重金属形态分布特征,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)评价了重金属的潜在风险程度。试验结果表明:过磷酸钙-水泥(SSPC)和水泥均可显著降低固化体中铅浸出特性,过磷酸钙-水泥(SSPC)固化体的浸出浓度远低于水泥固化体,当过磷酸钙添加量分别为5%和10%时,固化体中铅浸出浓度低于GB/T 5085. 3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》。形态提取试验表明:水泥(OPC)和过磷酸钙-水泥(SSPC)均可促使Pb从活性态(弱酸提取态)向较稳定态(可还原态、残渣态)转化,但过磷酸钙-水泥(SPCC)固化体中残渣态Pb的含量较高。基于改进BCR法获得F1(弱酸态)的基础上,运用风险评价编码法评价了固化后污染土中铅的生态风险等级,对比未固化土,生态风险等级大幅降低。     

污染疏浚物处置方法国际研究与应用进展

随着沿海经济建设的飞速发展,我国近岸海洋环境受到广泛的人类活动影响,部分港口疏浚物中积累了大量污染物,对人类健康及生态环境造成潜在威胁。疏浚物的传统处置方法包括海上倾倒、吹填工程和陆地填埋。疏浚物海洋倾倒量多年来居高不下,而我国目前对污染疏浚物的处置因技术方法尚不成熟,还未形成相关标准规范,这给疏浚物的科学化、精细化管理工作带来较大挑战。本文整理了近年来国内外关于疏浚物处置方法的研究成果和经验,介绍了疏浚物特别是污染疏浚物的特殊处置方式,可为我国疏浚物的处置技术和管理方案研究提供新的思路。     

利用填埋层内生物代谢控制生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染

讨论了目前国内卫生填埋场运行中存在的渗滤液问题，分析了不同填埋结构中生物代谢环境和主要污染物的代谢途径，探讨了不同填埋结构中利用渗滤液回灌来控制渗滤液污染的“生物反应器型”填埋技术。     

生活垃圾填埋场不同填埋方式填埋气特性研究

对于国内外在传统的厌氧填埋和新型的准好氧填埋两种不同运行方式下对填埋气的特性研究作了简介。通过比较分析，传统的厌氧填埋结构中填埋气的甲烷含量比较高（40％～60％），而准好氧填埋中填埋气的甲烷含量只有10％～20％。对于中小型的填埋场，由于技术和成本的制约，建立准好氧填埋场，不仅有利于加快垃圾的稳定化进程，还可以减少甲烷的生成量，减轻对环境所造成的污染。     

城市河道淤泥固化土干湿耐久性试验研究北大核心CSCD

淤泥固化土的干湿耐久性是其资源化利用中长期服役性能的重要指标。本文选取有机质含量分别为7.7%(S淤泥)和11.7%(Z淤泥)的两种典型城市河道淤泥,掺入水泥及新型固化剂进行固化处理,通过干湿循环试验及无侧限抗压强度试验研究了不同种类的固化剂及其掺量对淤泥固化土干湿耐久性的影响。试验结果表明:在水泥掺量较低条件下(S淤泥对应5%、Z淤泥对应5%和10%),淤泥固化土的抗压强度随干湿循环次数增加逐渐下降,且第1次循环的下降幅度最大,随后下降幅度明显减小;在水泥掺量较高条件下(S淤泥对应10%以上、Z淤泥对应15%以上),淤泥固化土的抗压强度随干湿循环次数增加先增大后下降,且峰值强度对应的循环次数具有随水泥掺量的增加和有机质含量的减少而增加的趋势,淤泥固化土抗压强度随干湿循环作用的变化规律是劣化效应和养生修复效应协同作用的结果。总体来说,淤泥固化土随着水泥掺量的增加,其干湿耐久性显著提高。新型固化剂达到掺量10%时淤泥固化土的干湿耐久性介于水泥掺量15%~20%淤泥固化土之间,显然新型固化剂处理城市河道淤泥优于水泥固化的效果。这一研究为城市河道淤泥固化处理提供了一种新的处理技术。     

卫生和生物反应器填埋场夏季N2O释放的研究

采用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法现场监测了杭州市天子岭废弃物处理总场卫生填埋场和生物反应器填埋单元夏季的N₂O释放通量,并讨论了相关影响因素. 研究发现:卫生填埋场覆土后N₂O释放通量(以N₂O-N计)随垃圾填埋龄的增加而大幅降低,其均值(18.07 μg/(m2·h))为生物反应器填埋单元(5.57 μg/(m2·h))的3倍多. 垃圾填埋龄、覆土土质与结构及填埋场操作方式是影响填埋场N₂O释放的主要因素,这些因素均主要通过改变覆土的理化特性而影响N₂O的释放. 采用多元线性逐次回归分析得到:卫生填埋场N₂O与覆土含水率和有机碳(SOC)质量分数构成的线性方程显著相关(R2＝0.86,P<0.01);生物反应器填埋单元N₂O的释放通量与覆土含水率、碳氮比(w(C)/w(N))和w(NO₃-)构成的线性方程显著相关(R2=0.89,P<0.01).