焦化场地典型多环芳烃类污染物精细化风险评估

为准确评估多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤对人体的健康风险,解决目前基于总量风险评估导致土壤PAHs修复目标值过严的问题,采用德国标准研究院颁布的生物可给性测试方式研究了石家庄某焦化厂土壤中苯并[b]荧蒽(BBF)、苯并[k]荧蒽(BKF)、苯并[a]芘(BAP)、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(IPY)和二苯并[a,h]蒽(...     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil was investigated in the summer and autumn in a greenhouse and field, respectively. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil was comparatively described by fitting the residue data to seven models （lst-order, 1.5th-order, 2nd-order, RF lst-order, RF 1.5th-order, RF 2nd-order, and bi-exponential or two-compartment models）. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. The bi-exponential model was selected as the optimal model according to the coefficient of determination r^2. The dissipation half-lives （DT50） of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil at the recommended dose in the summer and autumn, calculated by the bi-exponential model, were 0.6 and 1.2 d in a greenhouse, 0.4 and 1.0 d in a field, respectively; the corresponding values at double dose were 1.2 and 2.1 d in a greenhouse, 0.5 and 1.3 d in a field, respectively. The kinetic data indicate the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil in a greenhouse is slower than that in a field, and dissipates slower in the autumn than in the summer.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

我国近岸海域微生物源示踪监测技术的研发

通过对我国近岸海域陆源性非点源污染污染贡献率及其危害性剧增现状的分析,强调了在我国开展污染源示踪检测技术研发的必要性。在总结了国外治理非点源污染的经验———微生物源示踪技术研究和应用现状的基础上,介绍了我国近岸海域微生物源示踪检测技术研发的设计思想。从而阐明,传统的环境监测指标和方法已不能满足发展的需要,集监测、溯源和示踪为一体,适应于我国国情的近岸海域非点源污染源监测技术的研发势在必行。     

攀枝花地区芒果园土壤碳氮磷分布现状及变化趋势

土壤养分制约着果树产量和品质,同时受果园生产管理的影响而变化.为了解攀枝花地区芒果园土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量现状,探明果园管理导致的土壤养分变化趋势,选择3个发育阶段(挂果前期:2-5年;初期:6-10年;盛期:11-26年)芒果园共162个,研究果园树盘区和间空区0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层土壤C...     

营养调控影响滇杨幼苗镉积累的效应模型分析

营养调控是强化植物修复效率的重要手段。滇杨(Populus yunnanensis)作为修复土壤镉(Cd)污染的重要候选树种,Cd耐受能力较强,但Cd积累量不高。以滇杨为研究对象,采用“3414”试验设计,开展氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)三因素四水平(0、100、200、400 mg·kg^-1)共15个处理的营养调控盆栽试验。通过肥料效应模型推算最佳施肥量、最大Cd积累量以及提升滇杨Cd积累量的最佳施肥方案。结果表明,施加N、P、K均能提升Cd胁迫下滇杨的生物量,提升比例为70.5%-132%,生物量随N、P和K浓度增加而呈现先增加后降低趋势,均在200 mg·kg^-1时达到最大值,施N对生物量的促进最显著。滇杨Cd积累量受N影响最大,其次为P,再次是K。无N处理(N0P0K0、N0P2K2)的Cd积累量最低,高N、高P处理(N2P4K2、N4P2K2)的Cd积累量最高。一元模型拟合结果显示,N以374.704 mg·kg^-1施加时可获得最大Cd积累量(2.168 mg·pot^-1),拟合方程为y=...     

土壤重金属污染治理技术研究

土壤重金属污染指的是土壤中重金属含量超标,导致土壤受到一定程度的破坏。重金属元素具有较强的生物毒性和生态毒性,重金属污染不仅会对植物、微生物等产生影响,还会对动物以及人类的健康造成威胁。因此,土壤重金属污染防治技术是我国土壤管理与污染控制的重要研究方向。本文主要对重金属污染土壤修复治理现状进行分析,并提出相应的解决对策。     

弹用聚酰胺材料老化试验研究

以聚酰胺材料老化试验为例,讨论了储存寿命预测的分析技术、试验设计技术;提出了影响试验准确性的因素和解决问题的方法,因素包括试验样品选择、考核性能选择、试验方法选择、产品环境剖面分析、热老化温度确定等。     

饮用水水源地土壤质量特征及评价——以成都市徐堰河、柏条河水源地为例

为探究成都市水源地周边土壤质量状况,保护水源地环境,以徐堰河、柏条河饮用水水源地周边土壤为研究对象,对所采集土壤样品进行物理及化学性质如土壤pH值、阳离子交换量、有机质含量及重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cu、Ni进行测定与分析。结果显示：成都市饮用水水源地土壤pH值变化范围较大,土壤离子交换量和有机质具有一定的空间异质性;应用单因素污染指数分析,水源地土壤Hg含量可能具有较大的污染潜力。Spearman相关性分析表明,Cd与Zn, Cu与Cr, Cu和Ni呈显著正相关关系;应用主成分分析水源地典型土壤重金属,三个主成分累积贡献率达到90.828%,第一主成分、第二主成分、第三主成分贡献率分别为44.082%、36.800%、9.946%。研究结果为保护成都市饮用水水源地环境健康和安全提供理论支持和合理建议。     

农田土壤微塑料污染及其对植物的影响研究进展

微塑料(microplastics, MPs)是一种新型环境污染物,不仅危害海洋生态系统,也广泛存在于陆地生态系统,可以通过土壤进入植物体,进而危害人类健康。该文系统综述了农田环境中MPs的研究进展及未来方向。详细介绍了国内外土壤中MPs的形态、来源、积累过程及MPs对土壤结构和功能的影响;重点阐述了MPs对生物、植物的生态影响以及MPs和金属镉复合污染对植物的影响;并展望了农田环境中的MPs研究的未来方向及重点,以期为全面了解农田中MPs研究现状及未来研究提供信息和科学指导。