氧调控下复合垂直流人工湿地脱氮研究

溶解氧是人工湿地脱氮的重要限制性因子,调控湿地内氧状态分布是提高其脱氮效果的关键所在.为此,研究了夏、冬季时氧凋控下复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)中氧状态的变化规律、脱氮效果及净化机制.结果表明,氧调控下IVCW中氧状态改善明显,夏、冬季时好氧Ⅰ区范围(以深度表示)分别从22 cm、17 cm扩大至53 cm、44 c...     

鄱阳湖水域DW采样点底泥重金属垂直污染分析

为了建立鄱阳湖水域沉积物中重金属的相关研究方法,了解重金属污染物的迁移规律,并探讨底泥中重金属的垂直分布特征及年代分布变化,采用助推式柱状土壤采样器通过临水垂直插管法采集鄱阳湖水域底质样品,利用微波消解—ICP-AES分析体系对柱状样中不同深度的样品,进行Cu、Pb、Cr等重金属含量的测定。结果显示,柱状DW采样点泥样中重金属浓度大小依次是Mn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni,其含量随深度变化呈锯齿状多峰分布特征,且锯齿形状很相似,由深至浅总体有上升的趋势。Cu、Mn含量随年代变化也呈锯齿型分布,Cu含量1964年最高(125.115mg/kg),Mn含量1990年最高(1165.119mg/kg),分别是背景值的5.1、3.5倍。     

大亚湾代表水域浮游动物生物量的垂直分布与季节动态研究

通过对大亚湾代表水域浮游动物生物量的垂直分布与季节动态研究,分析了浮游动物干重与浮游动物数量、水温、盐度及水体叶绿素a含量的关系,初步掌握了其垂直分布和季节变动规律。结果表明:春季和秋季浮游动物生物量在垂直分层上变化差异较小,而在夏季和冬季变化较为显著,尤以夏季为甚,夏季浮游动物干重和丰度的变化范围分别为1 745.61～4 141.57μg/L和115.5～289.3 ind/L;在不同季节,浮游动物生物量最高值出现在不同的水层;浮游动物干重和丰度显示出了较好的相关关系,浮游动物生物量在垂直水柱上的变化与水温、盐度和叶绿素a含量均没有显示出相关关系;在整个垂直水柱内,冬、夏季浮游动物的干重明显较春、秋季的高。     

洗槽机清洗头升降故障原因分析及对策

针对洗槽机清洗头运行中的升降故障进行了原因分析,找出了解决方法,为今后类似的故障检查和排除提供了借鉴。     

城市高层建筑大气颗粒物污染和噪声垂直分布特征

以空气颗粒物和噪声为研究对象,利用颗粒物监测仪和噪声仪,研究了颗粒物和噪声在不同天气状况下以及垂直方向上的变化规律,结果表明,(1)在0～56m之间,TSP、PM_(10)随高度增加而减小,56～116m之间随高度增加而增大.低空中的PM_(2.5)、PM_1相差不大,而100 m以上高空中的PM_(2.5)、PM_1污染程度明显大于地面.(2)天气条件影响颗粒物污染程度.晴天和大风天颗粒物的污染相对较轻,阴天时污染最重.(3)L_(eq(A))随高度增加而增大,最高点(116 m)处的噪声比地面高约4 dB.晴朗和阴天条件下,噪声差别不大;在大风天气条件下,高层建筑顶层的噪声污染较重.     

2013年秋末黄渤海海水中胞外酶活性水平和垂直变化

于2013年11月6~23日对黄渤海进行了现场调查研究,对42个大面站以及A7、E7两个垂直站位进行了采样及环境参数的测定,研究了该海域海水中的9种胞外酶活性的水平及垂直变化.结果表明:秋末黄渤海表层海水中,9种胞外酶的平均活性由高到低排列为碱性磷酸酶[77.31nmol/(L·h)]>脂肪酶[23.59nmol/(L·h)]>β-D-葡萄糖苷酶[3.87nmol/(L·h)]>木糖苷酶[2.63nmol/(L·h)]>α-D-葡萄糖苷酶[1.58nmol/(L·h)]≈纤维素酶[1.47nmol/(L·h)]≈几丁质酶[1.29nmol/(L·h)]>肽酶[1.09nmol/(L·h)]>β-D-半乳糖苷酶[0.74nmol/(L·h)];表层海水9种胞外酶的活性大都呈现出黄海大于渤海,即南高北低的变化规律;表层海水中的β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性和纤维素酶活性与温度呈现弱的正相关(P0.05);A7和E7两个站位的胞外酶活性的垂直分布显示不同胞外酶的活性在不同水深有明显的差异,基本表现为表层、10m和30m的活性高于50m、75m和底层的活性.     

垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞及其运行效果影响研究

在净化猪场沼液中开展了垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞过程及其运行效能变化的研究.结果表明,人工湿地堵塞的主要成因是由于填料层中不可滤过性物质的积累所致.不可滤过性物质是由有机物和无机物组成,且大部分不可滤过性物质的粒径均超过5.00 μm.填料层的孔隙率和水力传导系数均随系统运行时间的延长而减小,而填料层中被截留物质的含量则随系统运行时间的延长而增大,其空间变化特征均受到了系统中水力流态的影响;当系统HLR为0.02m3/(m2·d)时,VSSF在运行1380d后对猪场沼液的净化开始恶化,系统对COD、TSS、TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别降至37.31%、57.82%、20.80%、32.13%和51.18%.     

Decontamination efficiency and root structure change in the plant-intercropping model in vertical-flow constructed wetlands

Subtropical climatic conditions can contribute to the death of the aerial parts of constructed wetland plants in winter. This presents a barrier to the widespread application of constructed wetland and is an issue that urgently needs to be solved. Three contrasting experi- ments, the plant-intercropping model （A）, the warm- seasonal plant model （B）, and the non-plant model （C）, were studied in terms of their efficiency in removing pollutants, and the change in root structure of plants in the plant-intercropping model within the vertical-flow con- structed wetlands. The results indicate that model A was able to solve the aforementioned problem. Overall, average removal rates of three pollutants （CODcr, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP）） using model A were significantly higher than those obtained using models B and C （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, no significant differences in removal rates of the three pollutants were detected between A and B during the higher temperature part of the year （P〉 0.05）. Conversely, removal rates of the three pollutants were found to be significantly higher using model A than those observed using model B during the lower temperature part of the year （P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, the morphologies and internal structures of plant roots further demonstrate that numerous white roots, whose distribution in soil was generally shallow, extend further under model A. The roots of these aquatic plants have an aerenchyma structure composed of parenchyma cells, therefore, roots of the cold-seasonal plants with major growth advantages used in A were capable of creating a more favorable vertical-flow constructed wetlands media- microenvironment. In conclusion, the plant-intercropping model （A） is more suitable for use in the cold environment experienced by constructed wetland during winter.     

Diversity and vertical distributions of sediment bacteria in an urban river contaminated by nutrients and heavy metals

The aim of this study was to investigate the benthic bacterial communities in different depths of an urban river sediment accumulated with high concentrations of nutrients and metals. Vertical distributions of bacterial operational taxonomic units （OTUs） and chemical para- meters （nutrients： NH4＋, NO3, dissolved organic carbon, and acid volatile sulfur; metals： Fe, Zn, and Cu） were characterized in 30 cm sediment cores. The bacterial OTUs were measured using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Biodiversity indexes and multivariate statistical analyses were used to characterize the spatial distributions of microbial diversity in response to the environmental parameters. Results showed that concentrations of the nutrients and metals in this river sediment were higher than those in similar studies. Furthermore, high microbial richness and diversity appeared in the sediment. The diversity did not vary obviously in the whole sediment profile. The change of the diversity indexes and the affiliations of the OTUs showed that the top layer had different bacterial community structure from deeper layers due to the hydrological disturbance and redox change in the surface sediment. The dominant bacterial OTUs ubiquitously existed in the deeper sediment layers （5-27 cm） corresponding to the distributions of the nutrients and metals. With much higher diversity than the dominant OTUs, the minor bacterial assemblages varied with depths, which might be affected by the sedimentation process and the environmental competition pressure.     

基于多时相HJ影像的水稻洪涝灾情和产量监测

洪涝灾害是影响水稻生产的重要逆境因子。利用多时相HJ卫星影像数据评估了2012年辽宁洪涝灾害对水稻的影响。类似于土壤线,首先基于洪涝浑浊水体像元建立了水体线WL(NIR=0.693 1RED+0.022 7),并以此定义水体浑浊指数WTI和垂直植被指数PVI来分别监测洪涝水体的泥沙含量和水稻作物产量,对PVI与地面实测产量数据进行了相关分析,建立了灾后水稻产量与PVI的线性回归方程Yield=50 279PVI-2 804.1。研究结果表明,泥沙含量越高,水稻受灾越严重,产量越低。WTI可用于监测洪水泥沙含量,PVI则与水稻产量具有极显著的相关关系(R2=0.965),洪涝灾害对水稻的影响不仅可以从水稻收获前的遥感影像进行估测,更能够在洪涝灾害发生后及时进行估测,对洪涝灾后的水稻实际生产具有一定的指导意义。