1957-2007年新疆天山山区气候变化对径流的影响

利用天山山区1957-2007年的气温、降水量及径流数据,借助非参数检验、小波变换等方法分析了天山山区气温、降水量及年径流量的变化趋势及多时间尺度相关。结果表明:玛纳斯河与塔里木河源流区年径流量、气温与降水量均呈显著增加趋势;在年代际上,塔里木河源流区气温存在11、18和22 a的主周期,降水量存在10、20与22 a的主周期;玛纳斯河气温在10与22 a处存在明显周期,降水量在20与22 a处周期性明显;同时,两源流区气温和降水量皆存在3~6 a的年际周期变化;塔里木河年径流量、气温和降水量的突变点分别发生在1993、1993和1992年,而玛纳斯河分别在1995、1988与1996年发生显著性突变;两流域源流区年径流量与气候因子存在显著的多时间尺度相关关系。     

TiO2 nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples

An analytical method based on TiO2 nanotubes solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography (GC) was established for the analysis of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): acenaphtylene, acenaphthene, anthracene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene. Factors a ecting the extraction e ciency including the eluent type and its volume, adsorbent amount, sample volume, sample pH and sample flow rate were optimized. The characteristic data of analytical performance were determined to investigate the sensitivity and precision of the method. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the method showed good linearity in the range of 0.01–0.8 g/mL, repeatability of the extraction (RSD were between 6.7% and 13.5%, n = 5) and satisfactory detection limits (0.017–0.059 ng/mL). The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of surface water (tap, river and dam) samples. The recoveries of PAHs spiked in environmental water samples ranged from 90% to 100%. All the results indicated the potential application of titanate nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbents to pre-treat water samples.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in a sediment core from Lake Erhal in Southwest China using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.The total organic carbon (TOC) normalized total PAHs concentrations (sum of US Environmental Protection Agency proposed 16 priority PAHs) ranged from 31.9 to 269 μg/g dry weight (dw),and were characterized by a slowly increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments.The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs,suggesting that the primary source of PAHs was low- and moderate temperature combustion processes.However,both the significant increase in high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the upper sediments and the vertical profile of diagnostic ratios pointed out a change in the sources of PAHs from low-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion.The ecotoxicological assessment based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines implied that potential adverse biological impacts were possible for benzo(ghi)perylenelene and most LMW PAHs.In addition,the total BaP equivalent quotient of seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BaA,CHr,BbF,BkF,BaP,DBA and INP) was 106.1 ng/g,according to the toxic equivalency factors.Although there was no great biological impact associated with the HMW PAlls,great attention should be paid to these PAH components based on their rapid increase in the upper sediments.     

武汉市长江北岸耕地中多环芳烃垂向与纵向分布特征

文章对武汉市长江北岸农用耕地中多环芳烃的含量进行了调查。结果表明除紧靠马路边一个点位的荧蒽浓度高于荷兰制定的土壤修复标准之外,其余各点各类多环芳烃均在此标准值之内;随着点位距污染源越远多环芳烃的含量越来越低;并且多环芳烃在垂直方向上的迁移存在色谱效应。通过分析不同采样点土壤中的多环芳烃含量,分析得出结论汽车尾气所排放的...     

羟基多溴联苯醚对鲤鱼急性毒性及定量结构活性关系

羟基多溴联苯醚是一类具有环境风险的新兴污染物,它们已经在众多环境介质甚至人体内广泛存在。参照GB/T13267-91标准方法,采用静态生物急性毒性试验,测定了6种羟基多溴联苯醚(2′-OH-BDE7、4′-OH-BDE17、2′-OH-BDE28、2′-OH-BDE68、4′-OH-BDE90和2′-OH-BDE123)对普通鲤鱼的急性毒性96 h-LC50值,分别为697、1 130、854、550、644和522 ng.mL-1。除4′-OH-BDE17为高毒物质外,其他5种OH-PBDEs均为剧毒物质,高溴代的2′-OH-BDE123毒性最大。选用OH-PBDEs的KOW参数及由MOPAC软件PM3算法计算出的16个量子化学参数(EHomo、qBr+、ELumo等)为描述符,运用一元线性回归分析分别研究了96 h-LC50与他们之间的相关关系。结果表明:lgKOW和ELumo与6种羟基多溴联苯醚的96 h-lg LC50表现出较好的相关性,复相关系数均大于0.96,根据方程得到的96 h-lg LC50预测值与实验值基本相同,进一步对环境中广泛检出的其它OH-PBDEs的96 h-LC50值也进行了预测。     

《环境科学与技术》总目次

<正>~~     

空气质量模式发展与应用现状

模式模拟,具有空间和时间分布的连续性特征,有多种化学过程和输送模拟的试验方案可选择等优势,在研究区域大气空气质量研究领域过程中发挥着重要作用。本文系统地介绍了主要空气质量模式在大气环境科学中的重要作用、主要分类及其发展阶段。详细阐述了ISCST3、多维多箱模型、ADMS—URBAN、CAMx及CMAQ等空气质量模式的框架原理、主要特征及其在空气质量管理和规划中的应用,并指出今后模型的发展方向。     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, e.g., naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residues was investigated to develop low cost biosorbents for organic pollutant abatement. Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles and pine bark were selected as plant residues, and acid hydrolysis was used as an easily modification method. The raw and modified biosorbents were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption isotherms of PAHs to raw biosorbents were apparently linear, and were dominated by a partitioning process. In comparison, the isotherms of the hydrolyzed biosorbents displayed nonlinearity, which was controlled by partitioning and the specific interaction mechanism. The sorpfion kinetic curves of PAHs to the raw and modified plant residues fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The sorption rates were faster for the raw biosorbents than the corresponding hydrolyzed biosorbents, which was attributed to the latter having more condensed domains （i.e., exposed aromatic core）. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose component under acid hydrolysis, the sorption capability of the hydrolyzed biosorbents was notably enhanced, i.e., 6-18 fold for phenanthrene, 6-8 fold for naphthalene and pyrene and 5-8 fold for acenaphthene. The sorpfion coefficients （Kd） were negatively correlated with the polarity index [（O＋N）/C], and positively correlated with the aromaticity of the biosorbents. For a given biosorbent, a positive linear correlation between logKoc and logKow for different PAHs was observed. Interestingly, the linear plots of logKoc-logKow were parallel for different biosorbents. These observations suggest that the raw and modified plant residues have great potential as biosorbents to remove PAHs from wastewater.     

Inhibitory effects of nisin-coated multi-walled carbon nanotube sheet on biofilm formation from Bacillus anthracis spores

Multi-walled carbon nanotube（MWCNT） sheet was fabricated from a drawable MWCNT forest and then deposited on poly（methyl methacrylate） film. The film was further coated with a natural antimicrobial peptide nisin. We studied the effects of nisin coating on the attachment of Bacillus anthracis spores, the germination of attached spores, and the subsequent biofilm formation from attached spores. It was found that the strong adsorptivity and the super hydrophobicity of MWCNTs provided an ideal platform for nisin coating. Nisin coating on MWCNT sheets decreased surface hydrophobicity, reduced spore attachment, and reduced the germination of attached spores by 3.5 fold, and further inhibited the subsequent biofilm formation by 94.6% compared to that on uncoated MWCNT sheet. Nisin also changed the morphology of vegetative cells in the formed biofilm.The results of this study demonstrated that the anti-adhesion and antimicrobial effect of nisin in combination with the physical properties of carbon nanotubes had the potential in producing effective anti-biofilm formation surfaces.     

土壤剖面部分多环芳烃源识别参数的纵向变化及成因

通过对北京和天津地区18条土壤剖面样品中PAHs的分析检测及PAHs的土柱淋滤实验模拟研究,得出了部分反映PAHs污染源的分子标志物参数在土壤剖面(或淋滤土柱)上的纵向变化特征,分析了PAHs化合物的纵向迁移作用对这些参数的影响,讨论了部分用于识别土壤中PAHs污染源的分子标志物参数的有效性。结果表明:在土壤剖面0~50 cm范围内,An/Ph,MPI1,MP/P值均有随深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势,在深层(>50 cm)不同剖面之间这些参数值差别不大;Fl/Py随深度增大呈现一定的波动性,但总体波动范围较小,且在0~40 cm变化不大;C0/(C0+C1)P/A和C0/(C0+C1)F/P值变化较为复杂。土柱淋滤实验表明,在0~50 cm范围内,部分PAHs污染源识别参数(An/178、MPI1、MP/P、C0/(C0+C1)F/P和C0/(C0+C1)P/A等)随深度的变化趋势与自然土壤剖面中的变化趋势基本一致,在深层50~100 cm范围内,这些参数值的大小逐渐与原土中的接近。表明淋滤作用(迁移过程)对表层土及土壤剖面浅部(50 cm范围内)部分PAHs污染源参数值的大小有不同程度的影响,运用PAHs污染源识别参数时,这些参数的有效性应引起足够的注意;而剖面深部(>50 cm)PAHs参数值受表层污染物组成的影响较小,其大小主要反映原土中化合物组成及成因。不同剖面受淋滤作用影响的范围存在一定的差别,这主要取决于土壤中TOC的分布特征。