摇蚊幼虫扰动下沉积物微环境和微界面对物理扰动强度的响应

以太湖梅梁湾沉积物为研究对象,借助Rhizon间隙水采样技术、Unisense微电极技术,解析了物理扰动和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动下,沉积物微环境及微界面特征对物理扰动强度的响应规律.结果表明,高强度物理扰动下(240 r·min-1),溶解氧渗透深度(OPD)达到12.1 mm,远高于低强度(60 r·min-1)的3.8 mm.沉积物总氧气交换速率(TOE)、TOE与DOE差值、ORP、溶解氧渗透深度(OPD)、DO空间分布的差异性等均显示了与物理扰动强度正相关趋势.沉积物中p H增加的区域和幅度及Fe2+减小的区域和幅度也显示了相同响应规律;在沉积物表层0~6 cm范围内,相同深度沉积物的含水率、孔隙度、总微生物活性均随物理扰动强度增加呈递增趋势,并对物理扰动强度的响应程度随沉积物深度递增逐渐减弱.这暗示了物理扰动胁迫摇蚊幼虫构造更深和更多的廊道,进而从垂向的角度改造了沉积物微界面和微环境.     

Long-term joint e ect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication a ect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0°C. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the e ect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint e ect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

Exploration of relationships between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables using multivariate statistic analysis in a eutrophic shallow lake： A S-year study

Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To elucidate relationships between them, in a eutrophic shallow lake, Taihu Lake, relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity. The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus （TP） played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons （i.e. temperature in winter, spring and summer; TP in spring, summer and autumn）; COD （chemical oxygen demand） and BOD （biological oxygen demand） presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring, summer and autumn. However, a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn, and conversely negative ones in summer. As the predatory factor, zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season. Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were obser,qed between phytoplankton biomass and pH, Trans （transparency of water） and DO. The results indicate that interactions between phyto：plankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity, which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.     

太湖底泥间隙水中金属离子分布特征及相关性

在太湖梅梁湾应用peeper(渗析膜式)技术获取底泥间隙水及近界面上覆水,对其中的溶解性金属的垂直分布特征及与氧化还原等特性的相互关系进行了研究.结果表明,除Mg元素外,自上覆水向下层底泥,Na、K、Ca、Sr、Ba含量逐渐减少,反映这些元素有自上覆水向底泥中扩散的趋势.其中,溶解态的Ca、Sr元素之间呈明显的正相关性(r=0.994,n=30);氧化还原电位(Eh)对间隙水中Fe2+和Mn²⁺含量分布有显著影响,但近界面上Fe2+含量对氧化还原电位的突变略有滞后.     

环太湖河流沉积物重金属污染及其稳定度分析

以16条环太湖主要进出河流为研究对象,采用BCR三步连续提取法测定了其河口表层沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu及Zn这4种重金属含量,分析了其污染程度、分布特征和稳定度,旨在为合理预防和治理太湖重金属污染提供依据.结果表明,本次调查的16条环太湖河流河口的沉积物都受到不同程度的重金属污染,4种重金属在大多数采样点的含量均超过临界效应浓度值(TEL);诸河口表层沉积物中重金属可提取态含量分布有明显差异性:北部河流南部河流,入湖河流出湖河流;4种重金属的稳定程度依次为:CdZnPbCu,因此相对于元素Pb和Cu,元素Cd和Zn有更高的二次释放潜力及潜在生态危害.     

太湖沉积物磷形态及pH值对磷释放的影响

对太湖不同营养水平和不同特征的 4 种沉积物的总磷、磷形态、粒径组成、化学组成进行了分析,模拟研究了不同 pH 值对上覆水体中总溶解性磷和溶解性活性磷含量的影响.结果表明,太湖沉积物样品总磷含量在 336.1～3408.01mg/kg,属于中富营养化到极富营养化水平.pH 值是影响磷释放的重要因素,碱性条件下,促进NaOH-P 的释放;酸性条件下,促进 HCl-P的释放.严重富营养化湖区沉积物的磷主要由无机磷组成,其中主要是 NaOH-P,该区中 pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加,而 pH值下降对磷释放量的影响较小.中富营养化湖区沉积物的无机磷组成中,部分湖区 NaOH-P 含量高,部分湖区 HCl-P 含量高,所以该区中 pH 值变化对沉积物磷释放的影响,由于 NaOH-P 和HCl-P 含量不同而存在差异,NaOH-P含量较高,pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加;HCl-P 含量较高,pH值下降会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加.     

基于MODIS数据的太湖蓝藻水华时空分布规律研究

利用EOS/MODIS遥感影像数据,采用蓝藻水华分级评价方法和蓝藻水华发生频率分析方法,对2010年～2013年不同级别太湖蓝藻水华时空分布规律进行分析和研究,以期为太湖蓝藻水华预警、监控、治理工作提供技术支持.结果表明：（1） 2010年～2013年,全太湖共发生蓝藻水华354次,其中小型水华发生次数最多,蓝藻水华级别越高,发生次数越少.（2）年际变化上,蓝藻水华发生次数总体趋于平稳,蓝藻水华发生呈现“小型多发、中大型少发、重大型偶发”趋势,蓝藻水华发生规模呈显著缩小趋势.（3）月际变化上,蓝藻水华主要发生在8 ～10月,8月和9月尤其是太湖蓝藻水华的高发月份.发生规模上,4～6月蓝藻水华发生规模较小,7月开始规模逐步扩大,到9月达到顶峰,10月规模有所缩小.（4）空间变化上,太湖西部沿岸是太湖蓝藻水华首次爆发最频繁的水域.从空间分布频率来看,太湖西部沿岸区尤其宜兴沿岸是蓝藻水华爆发频率最高的水域.     

7条环太湖河流沉积物氮含量沿程分布规律

2009年9月采集7条主要环太湖河流沿程37个断面的沉积物样,测定了表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝氮(NO3--N)和有机氮(ON)含量,揭示分布特征,旨在为太湖水体富营养化防治提供基础数据.结果表明,这些表层沉积物TN平均1 303.49 mg.kg-1,最大和最小值分别在社渎港和长兜港;NH4+-N和ON的空间分布与TN基本一致,其平均含量分别为221.57 mg.kg-1和1 095.71 mg.kg-1,各沉积物中NO3--N含量较低,均不足TN的1%,平均含量0.79 mg.kg-1.7条河流沉积物整体上以ON为主,NH4+-N为无机氮主要存在形式,多数河流表层沉积物氮含量沿程变化明显.     

不同雨强对太湖河网区河道入湖营养盐负荷影响

为揭示太湖河网区不同雨强下入湖河道面源污染规律,以太湖入湖负荷最大的河道大浦河为例,通过一周年逐日高频监测水体各形态氮、磷及溶解性有机碳等营养盐情况,结合河道流量及降雨量的自动监测资料,分析了大雨、中雨、小雨及无雨等4种降雨强度下太湖河网区典型河道的流量和营养盐负荷特征.结果表明,作为太湖河网区的典型入湖河道,大浦河时常发生往复流现象,观测的365 d内,有60 d日均流量为负值,占16%;河道流量对雨强的响应较为迟缓,仅强降雨事件( 25 mm·d~(-1))下,降雨当日河道流量才显著增加;中雨期平均流量仅比无雨期高了29%,在统计上不显著.河道水体营养盐浓度在不同降雨强度下差异不显著,大雨、中雨、小雨及无雨事件下河道总氮浓度分别为(3. 00±0. 58)、(3. 34±0. 93)、(3. 55±1. 05)和(3. 37±1. 14) mg·L~(-1),小雨事件当天水体总氮浓度均值最高,而4种类型降雨事件下河道总磷含量分别为(0. 228±0. 068)、(0. 258±0. 121)、(0. 219±0. 083)和(0. 225±0. 121) mg·L~(-1),差异性也不显著,就平均值而言,中雨时河道总磷浓度最高.夏季典型降雨过程分析表明,不同雨强发生之后河道溶解性有机碳和各形态氮的浓度变化不大,但大雨之后次日河道各形态磷浓度有明显增高,持续时间为2 d,中雨后次日河道总磷和颗粒态磷有明显增高,持续时间仅为1 d,小雨后磷浓度基本无变化.大雨、中雨、小雨和无雨时总氮日负荷分别为7. 64、3. 19、3. 21和2. 62 t·d~(-1),总磷日负荷分别为0. 59、0. 26、0. 22和0. 20 t·d~(-1),受入湖流量影响,大雨期营养盐日负荷显著高于中雨及以下强度的降雨;然而,由于一年内大雨出现频次较少,大雨期氮和磷总入湖负荷占年负荷的比重不大,大雨期总氮和总磷分别入湖61. 11 t和4. 72 t,占观测周年的5. 6%和5. 8%,这与山区河道降雨负荷间的关系有着显著区别.本高频观测表明,太湖流域平原河网区河道面源污染汇集过程复杂,入湖负荷受降雨强度的影响相对较小,入湖水量是营养盐负荷的重要影响因素.本研究结果对太湖流域平原河网区湖泊的面源污染的估算及控制对策的制定具有参考价值.