主成分分析法在煤矿事故统计分析中的应用

为了研究我国煤矿各类事故之间的相互关系,运用主成分分析法对我国煤矿事故数据进行了统计分析,计算得到煤矿事故类型的第一主成分和第二主成分,并进一步分析了煤矿事故的主要类型以及各类事故之间的相互联系,对制定相应的煤矿事故预防措施具有一定的指导作用。     

利用DGT高分辨率研究沉积物孔隙水中重金属的浓度和释放通量

2006年5月采集了大辽河河段3个柱状沉积物,测定了沉积物的理化性质和重金属元素的含量,并利用常规离心方法和DGT方法测定了柱状沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素的含量.研究发现沉积物中Cd、Co、Cr和Cu元素含量高低的顺序依次是Cr>Cu>Co>Cd.用DGT方法测定的孔隙水中Cd、Co、Cr和Cu的浓度比用离心方法测定的浓度要低.DGT测定的孔隙水中Cd、Co、Cr和Cu的浓度c_DGT与离心方法测定的孔隙水浓度c的平均比值R分别为0.389、0.328、0.863和0.403,这说明沉积物中这几种金属从固相到液相的再补给速率大小遵循如下规律：Cr>Cu>Cd>Co.沉积物中Cd、Co、Cr和Cu元素的释放通量分别为1.12×１０^{-7～3.28×10-7　nmol/(cm2·s)、2.48×１０-7～10.40×10-7　nmol/(cm2·s)、8.80×１０-6～12.65×10-6 nmol/(cm2·s)和6.14×１０-6～13.93×10-6　nmol/(cm2·s).相关分析结果表明,Cd和Cu元素的迁移转化主要受有机质影响;而Cr元素的迁移转化除了受有机质影响外,还受铁锰氧化物影响比较显著;而Co元素可能受氧化还原电位影响较大.}     

Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

山东省自然保护区建设状况调查

调查了山东省自然保护区建设状况,分析了山东省自然保护区数量与面积、类型结构和区域分布特征。结果表明:截止2010年底,山东省自然保护区数量为73个,面积99.9万hm2,占全省国土面积的6.34%。省级自然保护区的数量和面积分别占全省自然保护区数量和面积的49.3%和55.0%。71.2%的自然保护区面积在10 000 hm2以下,30.1%的自然保护区的核心区、缓冲区与实验区的面积占自然保护区面积的比例在27%~42%之间变化。自然保护区类型比较齐全,森林生态类自然保护区的数量和面积分别占山东省自然保护区数量和面积的56.2%和31.1%。自然保护区区域分布不均,68.5%的自然保护区分布在鲁东丘陵区和鲁中南山地丘陵区。     

厌氧共代谢分解难降解有机物的研究进展

文章介绍了厌氧共代谢的提出、作用机制、调控研究及应用现状,从共代谢技术的基质类型、菌群结构和代谢途径三方面综述了国内外有关厌氧共代谢作用机制的研究现状、发展趋势,并着重分析了厌氧共代谢的调控技术和应用情况,展望了厌氧共代谢技术的未来研究方向,为解决难降解有机污染物的治理瓶颈提供借鉴和参考。     

重庆园博园龙景湖新建初期内源氮磷分布特征及扩散通量估算

采集重庆园博园龙景湖不同区域沉积物样柱,分析沉积物上覆水和孔隙水中氮磷垂直分布特征,并利用一维孔隙水扩散模型(Fick定律)来估算氨氮和正磷酸盐的扩散通量和年负荷贡献量.结果表明,龙景湖沉积物-水界面氨氮从上覆水到孔隙水在垂直剖面上总体都呈现出增大趋势;表层(0~5 cm)沉积物孔隙水中氨氮平均浓度为6.13 mg·L-1±3.07 mg·L-1,是上覆水氨氮平均含量10倍.正磷酸盐垂直分布特征总体表现为先增大再减小,在表层孔隙水出现极大值;沉积物孔隙水中正磷酸盐平均浓度为2.01 mg·L-1±1.05 mg·L-1.所有区域氨氮均表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放,新增淹没区库湾区域氨氮扩散通量低于6.0 mg·(m2·d)-1,龙景沟水库、龙景湖主湖原有湖区氨氮扩散通量分别高达47.19 mg·(m2·d)-1、40.29mg·(m2·d)-1.原有湖区正磷酸盐表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放,扩散通量仍以龙景湖主湖及龙景沟水库最大,为7.89mg·(m2·d)-1、6.13 mg·(m2·d)-1.新增淹没区的河道、库湾及赵家溪部分区域正磷酸盐却表现为由上覆水向沉积物中扩散,扩散通量为-1.93~-2.78 mg·(m2·d)-1.整个湖区氨氮年负荷贡献量为3.95 t·a-1,新增淹没区贡献率为85%;正磷酸盐年负荷贡献量为0.357 t·a-1,新增淹没区贡献率为72%.     

土壤中四环素类抗生素降解及对小白菜根系生长发育的影响

采用土培试验,分析了小白菜(Brassica campestris L.)的发芽率、生物量和根长指标对3种抗生素胁迫的敏感性,比较了不同土壤中四环素类抗生素污染对小白菜根长生长的影响,并研究了四环素类抗生素在不同土壤中的降解特性.结果表明,小白菜对3种抗生素的敏感性为根长发芽率生物量.抗生素处理土壤30 d时,4种土壤中小白菜根长对3种抗生素胁迫的敏感性均为砖红壤红壤青紫泥黑土;同种抗生素在4种土壤中的降解率为黑土青紫泥红壤砖红壤,同种土壤中3种抗生素的降解率为土霉素金霉素四环素.相关性分析发现,土壤中四环素类抗生素的含量与土壤有机质、氮磷钾含量和阳离子交换量呈显著负相关.     

新疆奎屯原生高砷地下水的分布、类型及成因分析

原生高砷地下水在全球分布广、危害大,严重威胁着全世界数亿人口的身体健康.为科学指导高砷地区地下水资源的合理开发利用,以中国大陆第一个砷中毒病区新疆奎屯为研究区域,分析了奎屯地区高砷地下水的分布规律、类型及成因.结果表明,奎屯地区有88.7%的地下水中砷浓度超出10μg·L~(-1),多为高砷地下水.高砷地下水多分布在深层承压含水层,砷浓度从南向北逐渐升高,与采样点海拔高度呈显著负相关.奎屯地区地下水整体呈弱碱性、碱性环境,氧化还原电位(Eh)均为负值,具有较强的还原性,属于还原性-弱碱性高砷地下水(I-2型).奎屯南面的天山与北面的河流沉积平原环境相结合,为该区地下水形成高砷提供了有利的地质环境.奎屯地区沉积层深厚,地下径流更替缓慢,相对封闭的水文地质条件使地下水中的砷富集而不易流失,强烈的蒸发可以使地下水中的砷进一步浓缩.同时,地下水的还原条件有利于含水层中砷的释放,砷浓度不仅受铁锰氧化物矿物还原的影响,而且受SO2-4还原和硫化物矿物沉淀的控制,吸附态砷的解吸附也是该地区地下水的富砷过程.     

喜马拉雅山中段北坡地表水体主要离子特征及其控制因素——以叶如藏布流域为例

为调查喜马拉雅山中段北坡地表水环境特征,2015年9月在叶如藏布流域采集24个地表水体水样并对其水化学特征分析测定,研究结果表明:(1)叶如藏布流域水化学特征存在显著空间差异.随着海拔升高,地表水体p H值、TDS值呈微弱的减小趋势.24个水样中23个水样属于淡水,1个为微咸水.(2)叶如藏布流域内地表水阳离子主要为Ca~(2+),阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,其次为HCO_3~-,即地表水为Ca~(2+)-SO_4~(2-)型.(3)叶如藏布流域地表水中各离子之间具有不同程度的相关性.其中Cl~-、HCO_3~-、Na~+和K~+4种离子共源性好;阳离子的来源不同,Na~+和K~+主要来源于碳酸氢盐,Ca~(2+)主要来源于硫酸盐,而Mg~(2+)的来源比较广泛.(4)叶如藏布流域大部分离子主要来源于陆地,受陆源影响从小到大排列顺序为:Na~+Mg~(2+)SO_4~(2-)Ca~(2+)K~+HCO_3~-.流域水文化学过程主要受岩石风化作用控制,特别是受到碳酸盐风化影响.以强木村为界,流域下游地区地表水化学特征受人类活动影响逐渐变大,特别是畜牧活动及人类施肥的影响.