滤料内部颗粒物对其阻力的影响

为了研究覆膜滤料和不覆膜滤料在老化过程中的阻力变化,设计了滤料动态过滤性能试验,通过脉冲喷吹清灰方式加速滤料的老化过程并记录滤料在老化过程中的阻力变化,进一步分析进入滤料内部的颗粒物质量对滤料阻力的影响。结果表明,经过9 000次的喷吹不覆膜滤料的滤料增重大于2 g,远大于覆膜滤料的滤料增重,然而不覆膜滤料的阻力增长均小于110 Pa,低于覆膜滤料的阻力增长。对于同种材质的滤料,进入不覆膜滤料内部的颗粒物造成的滤料阻力增长值小于2 000 Pa/(g·m²),小于覆膜滤料的1/10。覆膜滤料因其表面附着一层微孔薄膜,滤料表面孔隙率低,在使用过程中部分颗粒物堆积在滤料表面,堵塞薄膜孔隙;而不覆膜滤料由于没有表面微孔薄膜的存在,表面孔隙率远高于覆膜滤料表面孔隙率,在过滤初期颗粒物会进入滤料内部填充滤料纤维之间的空隙,到过滤稳定期时才会堆积到滤料表面。因此覆膜滤料阻力在过滤初期会快速增长,然后慢慢趋于稳定,而不覆膜滤料的阻力随滤料增重增加呈线性缓慢增长。这表明在实际使用过程中,在相同的工况下不覆膜滤料因其阻力增长缓慢而有更长的寿命周期。     

压裂返排液循环利用技术的应用

开发了压裂返排液"水质调节—混凝沉淀—精细过滤"处理工艺.将返排液pH调为7.8～8.0,采用无机铝盐混凝剂+有机阳离子高分子絮凝剂+沉淀剂(FJ-3)处理,采用20μm有机滤膜对混凝沉淀后水进行过滤处理,再经季铵盐类杀菌剂处理,出水再用于配制胍胶压裂液.无论是基液基础性能还是胶液耐温耐剪切能力以及破胶性能都与自来水配...     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

Imazaquin degradation and metabolism in a sandy loam soil amended with farm litters

Irnazaquin applied in legume crops has a long residual time in soil, which often impacts safety of the susceptible crops. To increase safety of imazaquin application, two composted litters, bovine manure （BM） and chicken manure （CM）, were used to determine their effects on imazaquin environmental behavior by incorporating each kind of manure into the tested sandy loam soil at 10% （w/w）. The degradation of imazaquin in BM- and CM-amended soil was about 2.4 and 1.5 times, respectively, faster than that in unamended soil. The half-lives of imazaquin in BM-amended soil varied between 6.7 and 15.4 d over the temperature range of 20 to 40℃, and the degradation rate constant （k） increased by a factor of about 1.5 for every 10℃ change. Higher mix ratio did not significantly increase the degradation, and the optimal active degradation of imazaquin was observed approximately at the mix ratio of 10：1 of soil to BM. The different moisture levels had negligible effect on imazaquin degradation. In both unamended and BM-amended treatments, two metabolites were observed at 5, 10 and 30 d after treatment. One metabolite at retention time （RT） of 8.4 rain was identified as 2-（4- hydroxyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl） quinoline acid, originating from the loss of isopropyl group and hydroxylation at the 4-position of imidazolinone ring. The other at RT of 12.9 rain was identified as quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, resulting from detachment of imidazolinone ring and the forming of dicarboxylic anhydride. This finding suggested that the addition of farm litters into soil might be a good management option since it can not only increase soil fertility but also contribute to increase safety of imazaquin application to the following susceptible crops.     

红壤稻田系统有机物循环再利用潜力及增产作用

10年田间试验结果表明：红墩妥田系统有机养分循环再利用潜力大，水稻收获，年均从稻田系统中输出NPK的总量最大可达到224.7,53.0和271.4kg/hm^2，有机物循环再利用，年均可归N，P，K量最大分别为115.1,35.8和231.5kg/hm^2，占系统输总量的51.2%,67.5%g和85.3%，保持稻田系统内有机物循环再利用可提高系统生产力，在不施化肥的情况下，增产3056kg/hm^2，增施N肥，增产2753kg/hm^2，增施N，P肥，增产1543kg/hm^2；NPK配合，增产984kg/hm^2；有机物循环再利用还可增强稻田系统的稳产性能，降低稻谷产量的年际变异系数；有机物循环再利用对水稻的增产有着明显的残效叠加作用，在施用N，P，K化肥基础上圾机物养分循环再利用水稻增产率在试验期间的前5年为7．2％，后5年平均为9．4％。     

干湿循环作用下白鹤滩小坝组红层砂岩强度特性与结构损伤研究

针对库岸消落带岩石长期处于干湿循环状态导致岩石劣化损伤威胁库岸稳定的工程问题,以白鹤滩水电站库区小坝组红层砂岩为研究对象,对不同干湿循环次数下“自然浸水”和“真空吸水”两种饱水方式的小坝组砂岩岩样进行单轴压缩试验、吸水试验、CT扫描试验、波速试验,研究了干湿循环作用下小坝组砂岩力学特性、空隙特性及损伤特性的变化规律。结果表明：干湿循环次数n相同条件下真空吸水砂岩岩样的强度参数普遍低于自然浸水砂岩岩样,砂岩的单轴抗压强度σ_c在干湿循环次数n为10～15次之间出现拐点;小坝组砂岩的总开空隙率n₀、大开空隙率n_b与n呈线性关系,大开空隙在砂岩强度劣化中起主要作用;随干湿循环的进行小坝组砂岩单轴抗压破裂面的分形维数增大;小坝组砂岩的纵波波速v_p、横波波速v_s与n的变化规律和σ_c与n的变化规律呈现出一致性,真空吸水加速,加深了砂岩强度劣化;定义了小坝组砂岩的纵向和横向损伤变量,干湿循环作用对砂岩的纵向损伤大于横向损伤。该研究结果可为白鹤滩大型水电工程库岸消落带岩体差...     

海洋环境服役发动机腐蚀损伤分析及防护能力提升建议

通过我国航空发动机海洋环境服役过程中腐蚀情况的调研,结合文献资料,分析腐蚀防护与控制技术的应用现状,提出未来工作建议。目前海洋环境服役航空发动机的腐蚀防护与控制缺少贯穿方案论证、设计研制、使用维修等全寿命周期各阶段的综合考虑,制约解决腐蚀问题的关键技术没有突破,研制生产过程中,存在耐腐蚀性能评估不合理的问题。应开展腐蚀智能监测、识别、模拟仿真等技术的研发与应用,实现海洋环境服役发动机的腐蚀损伤监控与预警,构建发动机腐蚀环境适应性试验评价技术体系,满足新体制下装备试验鉴定工作要求。急需开展长寿命防护涂层技术、维护技术专项研究,以适应严酷海洋大气环境和航空动力装置高可靠性研制要求。     

电子产品野外环境下温循加速载荷谱编制方法

目的 将电子产品在野外环境下日变化波动与季节差异明显的温度载荷编制成温循载荷谱和转换为加速载荷谱。方法 通过四点雨流计数法提取原谱中的载荷循环信息,对提取的循环信息进行分布拟合、相关性检验等统计分析,进而构建循环均值与范围值的联合概率密度函数,再运用概率密度法,编制出8×8二维环境载荷谱。在二维载荷谱基础上,编制出温循载荷谱,使用针对电子部件参数修正的加速方程转化为加速载荷谱。结果 利用野外作业现场1个作业周期内的气温纪录,提供了一套编制温循载荷谱和转换加速载荷谱的合理化流程和解决方案。结论 该制谱方法可以利用原始环境谱中绝大部分有效信息,较好地还原电子部件野外作业阶段经历的温度变化过程,为电子产品的加速寿命试验和使用寿命预测奠定基础。     

基于维纳过程的MEMS陀螺仪贮存寿命评估

目的 针对MEMS陀螺仪在步进应力加速试验条件下获取的性能退化数据,提出基于维纳过程的贮存寿命评估方法及其模型准确度检验方法。方法 首先,确定温度为影响MEMS陀螺仪性能退化的主要环境因素,采用步进温度应力加速试验的方式获取其性能退化数据。其次,分析各项性能参数的演变规律,确定标度因数为表征产品性能退化的特征性能参数。最后,采用漂移维纳过程对标度因数退化轨迹进行建模,并外推得到常温条件下的贮存寿命。结果 采用留一法对模型精度进行验证,模型准确度最低为86.44%。可靠度水平为0.95时,常温贮存(25 ℃)条件下的寿命评估结果为50.02 a。结论 基于维纳过程建立的性能退化模型的准确度在85%以上,该模型可应用于指定贮存条件下MEMS陀螺仪的性能退化预测及贮存寿命评估。     

基于Arrhenius模型和Peck模型的分段非线性加速模型

目的 解决Arrhenius模型无法估计湿度应力敏感产品和Peck模型试验时间较长的问题。方法 考虑温度应力和湿度应力对产品贮存寿命的综合影响,在产品激活能不变的假设下,将Arrhenius模型对产品激活能的估计和Peck模型对湿度应力参数的估计相结合,建立Arrhenius&Peck分段非线性加速寿命估计模型。基于此模型,在双应力恒加试验条件下,得到产品的寿命估计方程。结果 以弹上电子产品的恒定应力加速贮存试验为例,进行仿真分析,得到产品寿命的估计,并对比产品实际寿命。Arrhenius&Peck模型的寿命误差和失效率误差均控制在5%以内,准确度高于Arrhenius模型和Peck模型。结论 构建的Arrhenius&Peck分段非线性加速寿命模型可以充分利用温度和湿度条件下的试验数据,对温湿敏感产品的寿命估计有较好的应用效果,为导弹产品的寿命估计提供一种可选方法。