两种不锈钢在冷却塔冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能

目的分析304不锈钢和316L不锈钢在电厂冷却塔内海水及烟气形成的模拟冷凝酸液环境中的耐蚀性能。方法利用浸泡试验和电化学试验方法测试两种不锈钢在模拟冷凝酸液中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀率和极化曲线。结果 304不锈钢在模拟冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能较差,其腐蚀率及钝态稳定性受冷凝酸液pH值的影响较大;316L不锈钢在模拟冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能较好,其腐蚀率及钝态稳定性受冷凝酸液pH值的影响较小。结论 316L不锈钢在冷却塔冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能明显优于304不锈钢。     

硅酸铝棉对管道爆燃压力波抑制性能评价

为了研究硅酸铝棉对管道内丙烷-空气预混爆燃压力波的影响,本文通过开展丙烷-空气预混火焰在无内衬、内衬硅酸铝棉、内衬实体障碍物和非变截面硅酸铝棉壁面4种管道内的传播试验,并采用压力-冲量准则评价了火焰压力冲击波的危害程度,考察了硅酸铝棉对减轻爆燃压力冲击波危害的作用。结果表明:硅酸铝棉能够减小管道出口压力波的比冲量和DN准数,说明硅酸铝棉对压力波的传播有抑制作用,可降低管道出口处压力波的冲击破坏作用和危害性。     

重点污染源自动监控设备技术性能评价及对策建议——以阿拉善盟重点污染源自动监控设施为例

重点污染源自动监控是实施环境监管的先进手段,具有自动、实时、在线等特性,可以使环保部门实时掌握企业排污的动态信息,有利于规范排污企业治污设施的运行管理,有着传统环境监察、监测手段无可比拟的优势。该文结合阿拉善盟重点污染源自动监控管理工作的具体实践,就自动监控系统运行过程中存在的问题、不同设备品牌技术性能比对及设备稳定性,数据传输有效性等情况进行了分析评价,并提出对策建议,为保证自动监控系统稳定运行、监测数据具有可比性、完整性、准确性,促进自动监控系统规范化、合理化提供了一定的技术支持和根据。     

异丙甲草胺与锌共存对斜生栅藻毒性手性差异影响

为评价重金属与手性农药共存的生物选择性毒性,采用毒性试验标准方法研究了Rac-、S-异丙甲草胺单独及与锌共存对斜生栅藻的手性毒性差异.结果表明,Zn2+存在条件下Rac-、S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的生长趋势影响与除草剂单独作用时的趋势基本相同,Zn2+的存在降低了高浓度除草剂对斜生栅藻的生长抑制作用,处理初期(24 h)0.30 mg·L-1Rac-和S-异丙甲草胺单独对斜生栅藻生长的抑制率分别为49.61%和59.73%,与Zn2+联合作用其抑制率分别为38.41%和42.52%.Zn2+的存在增加了Rac-和S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的立体选择性毒性差异,使S-异丙甲草胺急性毒性增大的程度大于Rac-异丙甲草胺毒性的增加;与Zn2+的联合毒性作用类型表现为除草剂在低浓度下为部分相加作用,高浓度下为拮抗作用;除草剂单独及与Zn2+联合作用处理96 h后的斜生栅藻叶绿素含量变化与其生长趋势基本一致.     

Understanding the sources and composition of the incremental excess of fine particles across multiple sampling locations in one air shed

Well-designed health studies and the development of effective regulatory policies need to rely on an understanding of the incremental differences in particulate matter concentrations and their sources. Although only a limited number of studies have been conducted to examine spatial differences in sources to particulate matter within an air shed, routine monitoring data can be used to better understand these differences. Measurements from the US EPA Chemical Speciation Network （CSN） collected between 2002-2008 were analyzed to demonstrate the utility of regulatory data across three sites located within 100 km of each other. Trends in concentrations, source contribution, and incremental excesses across three sites were investigated using the Positive Matrix Factorization model. Similar yearly trends in chemical composition were observed across all sites, however, excesses of organic matter and elemental carbon were observed in the urban center that originated from local emissions of mobile sources and biomass buming. Secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate constituted over half of the PM2.5 with no spatial differences observed across sites. For these components, the excess of emissions from industrial sources could be directly quantified. This study demonstrates that CSN data from multiple sites can be successfully used to derive consistent source profiles and source contributions for regional pollution, and that CSN data can be used to quantify incremental differences in source contributions of across these sites. The analysis strategy can be used in other regions of the world to take advantage of existing ambient particulate matter monitoring data to better the understanding of spatial differences in source contributions within a given air shed.     

Performance and microbial diversity of an expanded granular sludge bed reactor for high sulfate and nitrate waste brine treatment

The disposal of waste brines has become a major challenge that hinders the wide application of ion- exchange resins in the water industry in recent decades. In this study, high sulfate removal efficiency （80%-90%） was achieved at the influent sulfate concentration of 3600 mg/L and 3% NaC1 after 145 days in an expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactor. Furthermore, the feasibility of treating synthetic waste brine containing high levels of sulfate and nitrate was investigated in a single EGSB reactor during an operation period of 261 days. The highest nitrate and sulfate loading rate reached 6.38 and 5.78 kg/（m3-day） at SO42--S/NO3-N mass ratio of 4/3, and the corresponding removal efficiency was 99.97% and 82.26% at 3% NaC1, respectively. Meanwhile, 454-pyrosequencing technology was used to analyze the bacterial diversity of the sludge on the 240th day for stable operation of phase X. Results showed that a total of 9194 sequences were obtained, which could be affiliated to 14 phyla, including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chlorobi, Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes and so on. Proteobacteria （77.66%） was the dominant microbial population, followed by Firmicutes （12.23%） and Chlorobi （2.71%）.     

石油污染物对海底微生物燃料电池性能的影响及加速降解效应

海底石油污染物在缺氧环境下导致其生物降解过程缓慢,对海洋环境造成长期危害.本文利用海底微生物燃料电池(BMFCs)原理,尝试通过电催化作用提高海底石油污染物的降解速率.对比测试了含油电池装置(BMFCs-A)与无油电池装置(BMFCs-B)的电化学性能,研究了石油污染物对电池性能的影响;比较了含油通路(BMFCs-A)和断路状态下(BMFCs-C)的石油降解率和细菌聚集量,分析了BMFCs对石油污染物降解的加速作用.结果表明,BMFCs-A和BMFCs-B阳极的交换电流密度分别为1.37×10-2A·m-2和1.50×10-3A·m-2,最大输出功率密度分别是105.79 m W·m-2和83.60 m W·m-2,BMFCs-A装置的抗极化能力增强,交换电流密度提高近9倍,最大输出功率密度提高1.27倍.BMFCs-A和BMFCs-C阳极表面的异养菌数量分别是(66±3.61)×107CFU·g-1和(7.3±2.08)×107CFU·g-1,细菌数量增加了8倍,高的异养菌数量导致石油降解加速进行,BMFCs的石油降解率是自然条件下的18.7倍.BMFCs在电化学性能提高的同时,加速石油污染物的降解.本文同时提出了一种海底微生物燃料电池对石油污染物加速降解的新模式.     

家用电器防火攻略

1家用电器安全使用常识 ·家电外壳带电怎么办? 家用电器产生带电的原因,通常有三种:一是电器带电部分和外壳之间的绝缘被击穿或严重损坏.人体碰到壳体有强烈的电击感,往往不能自我控制脱离;二是电器的绝缘性能不良.这种情况下,人体触及壳体有"麻手"的感觉,但能自我摆脱;三是电器本身的分布电容和绝缘电阻引起的对地电压.这时人体碰到金属外壳会有轻微的"麻手"感,当手紧压在壳体上时又感觉不到了.     

集体经济的监管困境与基层选举差异——以东部地区为例

同是东部经济发达村庄,同样村集体经济发达,苏南、珠三角及浙江农村的村庄选举秩序却差异较大。研究发现,集体资产管理中的代理人监督问题是东部基层选举秩序差异的关键变量。制度设计上,集体资产管理制度中内含代理人监督困境。这给村干部身份预留利益空间,易引发选举竞争。苏南农村的集体资产分配中嵌入了乡镇监督,村干部开支—上级审核,代理人被监控起来,获利空间缺乏,村庄选举竞争不激烈;珠三角农村的集体资产分配中嵌入了村民监督,村干部开支—群众审议,代理人处于监督之中,获利空间透明,村庄选举竞争不激烈;浙江农村的集体资产分配中缺乏监督,村干部开支—村干部审议,代理人缺乏监控,获利空间具备,村庄选举竞争激烈。获利空间是刺激农户主动参与村庄选举的原因。一旦利益减弱,群众选举热情就会下降,基层民主政治就会面临一致性的弱竞争困境。     

气体传感器在监测化工空气污染中的应用评价

当前,我国大气污染十分严重,特别是在京津冀和东北局部地区,受化学工业废气的影响,空气污染,已经严重影响到了人们的日常生活。所以需要加大对大气环境污染物监测的力度。本文主要介绍气体传感器的一些性能和分类,以及在化工空气污染监测当中的应用。