中晚全新世六盘山流域土壤侵蚀的湖泊沉积记录

流域土壤侵蚀是流域水文—气候—生态的集中表现之一,对生态、环境等有着重大影响,重建过去流域土壤侵蚀强度对理解区域人类活动具有重要意义.本文选取黄土高原西南部高山湖泊——六盘山天池沉积岩芯为研究对象,基于XRF岩芯元素数据分析,结合可靠的AMS 14C年代序列,重建了中晚全新世以来六盘山流域土壤侵蚀强度变化记录.结果显示:5570?—?1600 cal BP,流域土壤侵蚀整体较强,侵蚀强度逐渐减弱,其主要受控于降水变化,也受植被覆盖等因素的影响;随着晚全新世气候逐渐变干,1600 cal BP之后的侵蚀强度整体弱于前一时期,此时段由于人类活动的显著影响,加剧了流域的土壤侵蚀.太阳辐射可能是研究区土壤侵蚀强度变化的初始驱动力,ENSO通过驱动亚洲季风变化影响区域降水,进而直接影响流域土壤侵蚀的强度变化.     

锰离子非均匀掺杂TiO2薄膜电极光电催化测定COD

COD是水体质量评价的一个重要指标,目前对于COD测定方法主要是高锰酸钾法和重铬酸钾法,这些方法的测定工艺相对繁杂.本文采用溶胶-凝胶法分步控制工艺制备锰离子非均匀掺杂二氧化钛的薄膜电极,并用该薄膜作为光电催化电极测定COD.在三电极体系中,比较该薄膜电极与纯二氧化钛薄膜电极对于氧化丁二酸、乙醇、邻苯二甲酸氢钾、α-D-葡萄糖四种有机物的影响.实验结果表明:三电极体系中电子转移的电量与有机物完全矿化所需的化学需氧量(COD)有着内在的关系.在相同的条件下,锰离子非均匀掺杂二氧化钛的薄膜氧化降解丁二酸、乙醇、邻苯二甲酸氢钾、α-D-葡萄糖的速率大于纯二氧化钛薄膜.进一步结合线性扫描伏安(LSV)、阻抗谱等光电化学表征,从锰离子非均匀掺杂引起二氧化钛薄膜光生空穴-电子分离,初步分析了其光电催化活性提高的机理.     

上海市大气气溶胶中铁的来源和化学种态研究

利用扫描质子微探针对上海市室内外大气气溶胶和排放源的单颗粒进行测量,用人工神经网络识别技术追踪了各种排放源对这些气溶胶中Fe的贡献．结果表明,对于上海的开放空间、半开放的公路隧道和室内环境,各种排放源的贡献并不相同．还利用穆斯堡尔光谱研究了室内外大气气溶胶中Fe的化学种态．实验发现,室内外气溶胶中Fe的种态不尽相同,在人民公园和高架桥开放空间中主要是铁的硫酸盐,在半开放的隧道中主要是α—Fe2O3,在室内主要是α—Fe2O3(α—FeOOH)．Fe种态的转变不仅和大气中SO2有关,而且和空气中云雾等因素有关。     

安全视觉识别系统在电梯中的应用

众多电梯事故表明,电梯安全需要文化建设来参与.为减少电梯事故的发生,引入安全视觉识别系统.电梯事故建立瑞士奶酪模型,通过安全视觉识别系统弥补安全漏洞.通过调研分析电梯所在环境、受众、信息,发掘系统基本要素和应用要素,设计开发标识、标志和信息,制定应用手册等步骤,在现有的法律体系基础上,保证一致性与差异性结合,遵循人性化...     

国外应对灾害扫描

纵观历史,人类一直在和各种自然灾害顽强地做斗争。随着社会的发展和科学技术的不断更新,我们人类应对自然灾害的能力和方法都发生了巨大变化。如今,各国政府对于如何应对灾害都出台了一系列的措施。同时,从一个国家应对灾害的态度和能力上,可以看出一个国家的文明程度和国家的综合实力。我国是一个国土辽阔的国家,自然灾害频繁发生。     

保安全的人体扫描仪

正随着国家安全与反恐形势的恶化,对人员的安检日益成为安检工作的薄弱环节。为应对越来越严峻的恐怖袭击威胁,西方国家开始加速推广人体成像安检设备,其中以人体扫描仪为主。这类扫描仪可以探测到人们随身携带的除纺织品之外的所有物品,探测速度很快且不留死角,比传统的贴身搜检更加有效。目前,比较成熟的人体扫描技术主要有两种,一种是背散射扫描技术,一种是毫米波扫描技术。还有一种太赫兹扫描技术在研发和测试中,性能还不太稳定。     

药物混粉爆炸事故及防范对策的研究

从近几年制药行业频繁爆炸事故出发,分析制药行业爆炸事故的种类,从粉尘爆炸入手,以某制药企业为研究对象,对其爆炸粉体克拉维酸钾进行了爆炸参数测试,运用20L球形粉尘爆炸测试装置测定其爆炸下限为40g/m3。同时运用差热扫描热分析法对其进行放热反应进行研究,再利用毛细管气相色谱法对该混合物中是否存在可燃气体进行了评定,发现其存在丙酮可燃气体,但含量较低为9.3×10-5。针对上述特点,从技术和管理角度出发,分析应对措施以及常见的问题,设计了混粉机械人机界面,编制了安全检查表,对该类共性问题进行了归纳,以供防范药物混粉事故发生参考。     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.     

Comparison of quartz sand, anthracite, shale and biological ceramsite for adsorptive removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution

The choice of substrates with high phosphorus adsorption capacity is vital for sustainable phosphorus removal from waste water in constructed wetlands. In this study, four substrates were used： quartz sand, anthracite, shale and biological ceramsite. These substrate samples were characterized by X- ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy studies for their mineral components （chemical components） and surface characteristics. The dynamic experimental results revealed the following ranking order for total phosphorus （TP） removal efficiency： anthracite 〉 biological ceramsite 〉 shale 〉 quartz sand. The adsorptive removal capacities for TP using anthracite, biological ceramsite, shale and quartz sand were 85.87, 81.44, 59.65, and 55.98 mg/kg, respectively. Phosphorus desorption was also studied to analyze the substrates＇ adsorption efficiency in wastewater treatment as well as the substrates＇ ability to be reused for treatment. It was noted that the removal performance for the different forms of phosphorus was dependent on the nature of the substrate and the adsorption mechanism. A comparative analysis showed that the removal of particulate phosphorus was much easier using shale. Whereas anthracite had the highest soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） adsorptive capacity, biological ceramsite had the highest dissolved organic phosphorus （DOP） removal capacity. Phosphorus removal by shale and biological ceramsite was mainly through chemical adsorption, precipitation or biological adsorption. On the other hand, phosphorus removal through physical adsorption （electrostatic attraction or ion exchange） was dominant in anthracite and quartz sand.     

3-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物热稳定性分析

为了评估反应体系发生热失控时引发3-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物分解的可能性,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC Q20)对3-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物在不同升温速率下的催化分解过程进行了试验研究。采用Kissinger法和Starink法计算热分解反应的活化能和指前因子。根据得到的活化能,计算3-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物在不同温度下到达最大反应速率所需要的时间(TMRad),结合可能性评估判据进行评估。结果表明:3-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物的分解由两部分组成;两种方法计算得到的活化能较为接近;当冷却失效,反应体系热失控温度达到448 K时,3-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物发生分解的可能性为高级,当温度为433~443 K时,可能性为中级,而当温度低于428 K时,可能性为低级。