多菌种混合发酵转化秸秆技术的研究及应用进展

农作物秸秆是农业生产的副产品,也是一项重要的生物资源。利用微生物的广泛适应性和多功能性来转化秸秆已日益受到国内外科学研究者重视,特别是多菌种混合发酵是将秸秆纤维素转化为蛋白质、乙醇、乙酸等最具发展前景的方法。文章通过混合菌降解秸秆纤维,转化利用秸秆制蛋白饲料、燃料酒精、农用沼气等方面,对混合菌发酵转化秸秆技术的研究进展进行阐述。混合菌发酵转化秸秆已成为农业综合开发领域的一个亮点,正在朝着多元化,深层次的方向发展。     

Unregulated emissions from diesel engine with particulate filter using Fe-based fuel borne catalyst

The alteration and formation of toxic compounds and potential changes in the toxicity of emissions when using after-treatment technologies have gained wide attention. Volatile organic compound（VOC）, carbonyl compound and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon（PAH） emissions were tested at European Steady State Cycle（ESC） to study unregulated emissions from a diesel engine with a fuel-borne catalyst and diesel particulate filter（FBC–DPF）. An Fe-based fuel-borne catalyst was used for this study. According to the results, brake specific emissions of total VOCs without and with DPF were 4.7 and4.9 mg/kWh, respectively, showing a 4.3% increase. Benzene and n-undecane emissions increased and toluene emission decreased, while other individual VOC emissions basically had no change. When retrofitted with the FBC–DPF, total carbonyl compound emission decreased 15.7%, from 25.8 to 21.8 mg/kWh. The two highest carbonyls, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, were reduced from 20.0 and 3.7 to 16.5 and 3.3 mg/kWh respectively. The specific reactivity（SR） with DPF was reduced from 6.68 to 6.64 mg/kWh. Total particle-phase PAH emissions decreased 66.4% with DPF compared to that without DPF. However, the Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent（BaPeq） with DPF had increased from 0.016 to 0.030 mg/kWh.Fluoranthene and Pyrene had the greatest decrease, 91.1% and 88.4% respectively. The increase of two- and three-ring PAHs with DPF indicates that the fuel-borne catalyst caused some gas-phase PAHs to adsorb on particles. The results of this study expand the knowledge of the effects of using a particulate filter and a Fe-based fuel-borne catalyst on diesel engine unregulated emissions.     

Pd/activated carbon sorbents for mid-temperature capture of mercury from coal-derived fuel gas

Higher concentrations of Hg can be emitted from coal pyrolysis or gasification than from coal combustion, especially elemental Hg. Highly efficient Hg removal technology from coal-derived fuel gas is thus of great importance. Based on the very excellent Hg removal ability of Pd and the high adsorption abilities of activated carbon（AC） for H2 S and Hg, a series of Pd/AC sorbents was prepared by using pore volume impregnation, and their performance in capturing Hg and H2 S from coal-derived fuel gas was investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of loading amount, reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere on Hg removal from coal-derived fuel gas were studied. The sorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results indicated that the efficiency of Hg removal increased with the increasing of Pd loading amount, but the effective utilization rate of the active component Pd decreased significantly at the same time. High temperature had a negative influence on the Hg removal. The efficiency of Hg removal in the N2-H2S-H2-CO-Hg atmosphere（simulated coal gas） was higher than that in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres, which showed that H2 and CO, with their reducing capacity, could benefit promote the removal of Hg. The XPS results suggested that there were two different ways of capturing Hg over sorbents in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres.     

中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所所长邓伟：山区为什么不能运动式造城？

城镇化不是建城化,不是城市的蔓延,不是简单的农民市民化,更不能把城乡二元结构转化为城内贫富二元结构。山区城镇化不可丢失民族文化与地域特点。山区城镇化作为城镇化一盘棋中的重要组成部分,是国家城镇化战略格局不可或缺的板块。没有山区的城镇化,中国的城镇化就是不完整的。中国是山地大国,70%的陆域国土是山地。山区城镇化面临着复杂的地理环境和多种制约因素,城镇化存在的一些现实问题是不容回避的。山区的特殊性,决定了城镇化过程的艰巨性。     

高效去除难降解毒害污染物的零价铁技术装备

文章综述了可高效去除硝基芳烃、氯代有机物、毒害重金属等典型难降解毒害污染物的零价铁技术的降解机理及应用效能,重点总结了其技术装备的改良优化与集成强化方式,系统比较了多种技术装备及应用流程的性能优势及应用缺陷。进一步展望了该技术国内外的最新方向及应用前景。     

喹啉为单一燃料在填料型MFC的产电特性研究

多环芳烃是我国近岸海域水体和沉积物中需要优先控制的首位有机污染物,喹啉是典型的含氮杂环芳烃,具有较大的毒性、致畸性和潜在的致癌作用。该研究利用填料型MFC对单一喹啉为燃料的产电性能进行了研究。经过6个月利用喹啉和葡萄糖作混合燃料的驯化,MFC中的阳极群落发生了改变,可以利用单一喹啉进行产电,以200 mg/L喹啉为燃料时的最大体积功率密度为2.7 W/m3。在没有外加葡萄糖可能带来的协同共代谢作用下,利用单一喹啉做燃料时,对喹啉在MFC中的降解途径进行了研究。实验结果表明,以喹啉为燃料时,MFC可以在不利用有机物本身作为电子受体的作用下,通过外电路的电子传递完成电子从阳极到阴极的传递而达到相同的目的。     

河南生物柴油产业技术优势与发展方向

生物柴油是以生物质为原料,通过物理、化学和生物的方法转化为长链烃类或脂肪酸甲酯为主的液体燃料。与燃料乙醇不同,生物柴油能量密度高,不会腐蚀发动机,可以完全替代石油。根据原料来源和生产工艺的不同,生物柴油分为两大类：一是以生物油脂为原料经转酯反应生成的脂肪酸（C12-C18）甲酯,即传统的生物柴油。根据生物油脂的来源不同,传统的生物柴油又可以分为动、植物生物柴油（第一代生物柴油）和微生物生物柴油（第二代生物柴油）     

神奇的“水燃料”

你想象过以后开车,只需要加水就能跑吗？水是地球上最为丰富的化合物,一直以来,人类从未停止过探索水燃料的脚步。今天要介绍的,就是那些从水中提取能源的神奇科技。     

报告全球燃料乙醇生产推广进展

燃料乙醇生产推广背景 自20世纪中期以来,石油成为世界上最重要的能源物资。石油危机给世界经济发展投下了浓重的阴影,可再生能源发展成为大趋势。此外,汽车尾气对环境的污染也日益严重,成为人类共同面对的一大难题。生物质能源原料来源广、可大规模开发、廉价和清洁的属性,使之成为世界各国新能源竞相发展的战略首选。我国是世界生物质资源大国,加快先进生物燃料技术产业化及高值化综合利用,是加快新能源发展、缓解化石能源危机、减少PM2.5和温室气体排放、提高农业资源综合利用率的核心与关键。     

汽车的未来新能源——氢

正丰田汽车最近宣布将推出首款商用氢燃料电池汽车,新车将于明年上市销售。不仅仅是丰田,现在主流的汽车厂商几乎都有一个氢燃料汽车计划:2015年开始,现代计划在美国出租1 000辆氢燃料汽车;雷诺和日产宣布,与戴姆勒、福特共同分担研发成本的氢燃料汽车最快将在2017年推出;通用与本田2013年宣布将组建一家合资公司,在2020年量产氢燃料汽车。