小球藻对新杀虫剂HNPC-A9908的富集与降解

HNPC-A9908[O-(3-苯氧苄基)-2-甲硫基-1-(4-氯苯基)丙基酮肟醚]是国家南方农药创制中心湖南基地研制成功的具有自主知识产权的一种新型杀虫剂.作者研究了蛋白核小球藻对HNPC-A9908的富集与降解.结果表明,蛋白核小球藻具有降解HNPC-A9908的能力,在20,100,400mg/L的浓度下,5d内HNPC-A9908的降解率分别为90.50%、66.02%和43.19%,日平均降解速率分别为3.60,13.20,34.55mg/L,其降解动力学方程可用二级反应动力学方程很好地拟合,拟合度达到83%以上.此外,蛋白核小球藻对HNPC-A9908也具有一定的富集能力,当浓度为20,100,400mg/L时达到最大富集的时间分别为24,48,48h,富集量分别为11.58,15.15,16.42mg/gFW,此后随时间的延长而逐步降低.     

杀虫剂单甲脒对绿藻的毒性研究

研究了杀虫剂单甲脒对斜生栅藻（Ｓｃｅｎｅｄｅｓｍｕｓｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ）和蛋白核小球藻（Ｃｈｌｏｒｅｌｌａｐｙｒｅｎｏｉ－ｄｏｓａ）的短期和长期毒性。用细胞密度计算出的４８ｈＥＣ＿（５０）分别为１．４２和１．４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，９６ｈＥＣ＿（５０）分别为１．６７和１．６２ｍｇ／Ｌ长期毒性试验结果表明，经试验初期的抑制后，杀虫剂单甲脒能促进藻类繁衍。     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

非平衡固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱测定水中甲拌磷的研究

利用100μmPDMS(聚二甲基硅氧烷)涂层,建立了非平衡固相微萃取＿气相色谱＿质谱联用测定水中甲拌磷的新方法。在萃取效果确证的基础上,对溶液体积、萃取时间、搅拌速度和溶液离子强度等实验条件进行了优化。方法的线性范围为0 005～50μg/L,相关系数为0 997,检测限(信噪比3∶1)为0 002μg/L,对于0 1μg/L的甲拌磷相对标准偏差(n=6)为7 16%。所建立的方法直接用于田间表面水和河水样品中甲拌磷的测定,结果满意。     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations

In practice, pesticides are usually applied simultaneously or one after another for crop protection, and this type of pesticide application often leads to a combined contamination of pesticide residues in the soil environment. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the influence of chlorothalonil on chlorpyrifos degradation and its effects on soil bacterial, fungal, and actinomycete populations. Under the experimental conditions here, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos alone, and in combination with chlorothalonil, at the recommended and double dosages, were measured to be 3.24, 2.77, and 2.63 d, respectively. Chlorpyrifos degradation was not significantly altered by its combination with chlorothalonil. However, the inhibitory effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microorganisms was increased by its combination with chlorothalonil, and the increase was related to the levels of chlorothalonil added. Compared to those in the controls, the populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were significantly reduced by 44.1%, 61.1%, and 72.8%, respectively, on the first day after treatment (DAT) by chlorpyrifos alone. With the addition of chlorothalonil, the inhibition was increased to 55.2%, 79.3%, and 85.8% at the recommended dosage, and 86.0%, 94.1%, and 90.8% at the double dosage, at one DAT, respectively. The results suggested that combined effects should be taken into account to assess the actual impacts of pesticide applications.     

4种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的毒性和安全性评价

参考《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的相关内容,通过接触法和摄入法测定甲氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氟菊酯4种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的毒性。结果表明,甲氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氟菊酯对蜜蜂的接触毒性(24h LD50)分别为0.0501μg/只、0.0102μg/只、0.0129μg/只、0.0147μg/只,经口毒性(24h LC50)分别为7.8261mg/L、4.9163mg/L、5.9678mg/L、7.7875mg/L。根据有关评价标准,甲氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氟菊酯4种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的毒性均为高毒,应禁止在蜜蜂活动区域使用。     

对环境水体中目标化合物——杀虫剂的快速、灵敏的飞行时间（TOF）筛查

飞行时间（TOF）筛查方式技术以其特有的优势,如全扫描数据采集、非预期化合物历史数据再查询等在环境监测领域的应用已经取得了稳步增长.满足全球食品需求,杀虫剂、除草剂和杀真菌剂使用泛滥.这些化学物质施用到庄稼上,将不可避免地污染土壤和河道.因此需要执行严格的环境监察,以保护环境、植物和野生动物     

杀虫剂类POPs动态申报机制研究

通过研究日本、美国、欧盟、联合国环境保护署关于杀虫剂类POPs的申报管理机制,分析我国关于化学品、污染物和固体废物的申报、登记制度,欲建立我国杀虫剂类POPs动态申报机制.我国杀虫剂类POPs动态申报以各级环保部门为管理主体,以杀虫剂类POPs的生产单位和流通机构、各级环保部门、知情群众为申报主体,以杀虫剂类POPs的...     

废弃杀虫剂类POPs的识别、分类和包装——重庆市的经验总结

废弃杀虫剂类POPs(持久性有机污染物)会对人体健康造成严重而持久的危害。目前,中国主要采用高温焚烧技术来处理杀虫剂类POPs,而有效识别、分类和包装技术则是确保高温焚烧消除率的关键前提。重庆市率先开展的杀虫剂类POPs的处置试点工作,在识别、分类和包装技术上取得了进步,也为全国范围内的清运处置工作提供了良好的借鉴作用。     

工艺安全警示灯

25年前——发生在博帕尔的悲剧25年前的12月3日,过程工业历史上最悲惨的悲剧之一在印度博帕尔的一家杀虫剂生产厂里发生了:这天午夜过后不久,甲基异氰酸酯(MIC)——一种剧毒气体,就从这家工厂里大量泄漏出来,人们也许永远不会得