新烟碱类农药在土壤中环境行为的研究进展

目前新烟碱类农药已占据了世界最大的杀虫剂市场份额,同时土壤是该类农药进入环境系统的源头,厘清其在土壤中的环境行为对探索新烟碱类农药的环境归趋和生态评价均具有重要的意义.本文总结并梳理了新烟碱类农药在土壤中主要环境行为的研究现状,包括吸附、解吸及降解行为;分析了农药本身性质、土壤成分及类型、pH值、温度、含水量等因子对该类农药吸附和解吸的影响机制;同时探讨了降解土壤新烟碱类农药的微生物菌群、光解和水解机理,并对新烟碱类农药未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望.     

印度博帕尔毒气泄漏事件

1984年的印度博帕尔灾难是历史上最严重的工业化学意外,大灾难造成了2.2917万人死亡、50.8432万人永久残废的人间惨剧,对环境更造成了难以补救的破坏. 1964年,印度农业"绿色革命"运动如火如荼,中央政府急于解决全国粮食短缺问题.当时,世界著名的美国联合碳化物公司提出在印度开一办座生产杀虫剂的农药厂,这对印度政府来说正中下怀.     

Biodegradation of malathion by Acinetobacter johnsonii MA19 and optimization of cometabolism substrates

To enhance the removal efficiency of malathion in the wastewater from organophosphate pesticide mill, a bacterium, Acinetobacter johnsonii MA19, that could degrade malathion with cometabolism was isolated from malathion-polluted soil samples using enrichment culture techniques. Four kinds of additional compounds, sodium succinate, sodium acetate, glucose, and fructose were tested to choose a favorite carbon source for the cometabolism of strain MA19. The results showed that sodium succinate and sodium acetate could promote malathion biodegradation and cell growth. The investigation results of effects of sodium succinate concentrations on the malathion biodegradation indicated that the more sodium succinate supplied resulted in quick degradation ofmalathion and fast cells multiplied. Zero-order kinetic model was appropriate to describe the malathion biodegradation when the concentration of sodium succinate was more than 0.5144 g/L. The degradation rate constant (K) reached the maximum value of 3.5837 mg/(L·h) when the mass ratio of sodium succinate to malathion was 128.6 mg/mg. The aquatic toxicity of the malathion was evaluated using the test organism, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. The data obtained suggested that the toxicity of malathion could be ignored after 84 h biodegradation. Our result demonstrates the potential for using bacterium A. Johnsonii MA19 for malathion biodegradation and environmental bioremediation when some suitable conventional carbon sources are supplied.     

利用ACQUITY UPC~2系统分离氯菊酯(permethrin)非对映体异构体

正公众对杀虫剂使用的关注日益增长,目前使用的杀虫剂中25%为手性化合物.在这些杀虫剂中,手性在药效、毒性、代谢特性和环境方面起着重要的作用.因此,对立体选择性分离技术和分析测定杀虫剂对映体纯度的需要正在不断增长.氯菊酯是一种合成的化学品,广泛用作杀虫剂和驱虫剂.氯菊酯具有4种立体异构体(两对对映体),由环丙烷环上的两个手性中心产生.因此,氯菊酯异构体的分离和定量测定颇具有挑战性.在分离氯菊酯方面,开发正相HPLC和反相     

杀虫剂对土壤温室气体排放的影响

在室内培养条件下,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮质量分数为200 mg·kg^-1）中分别添加不同剂量（在5、10和50 mg·kg^-1）的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对土壤温室气体CO2、N2O和CH4排放过程的影响。结果表明：和空白相比,施用尿素明显地增加了土壤中温室气体N2O和CO2的排放量,但对CH4的排放无明显影响。当施用5 mg·kg^-1吡虫啉时,土壤中N2O和CO2排放总量和尿素处理相比无明显差异,但吡虫啉用量上升至10和50 mg·kg^-1时则显著降低了温室气体N2O和CO2的排放量（P〈0.05）,N2O排放量分别降低了26.89%和53.10%,CO2排放量分别降低15.14%和13.79%。毒死蜱在5、10和50 mg·kg^-1三种用量时土壤的N2O排放量与尿素处理相比均无明显差异。毒死蜱在5和10 mg·kg^-1用量时则明显抑制了土壤CO2的排放（p〈0.05）,分别比尿素处理降低了19.88%和19.02%;用量上升到50 mg·kg^-1用量时,土壤的CO2排放量与尿素处理相比无差异。吡虫啉和毒死蜱对CH4排放量均没有明显影响。可见,杀虫剂施用明显影响到土壤温室气体的排放,但不同杀虫剂品种及其用量的效应也存在明显差异。     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的酶促降解

测定了降解菌Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｓｐ．ＹＦ １１粗酶液对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的降解性能,粗酶液降解杀灭菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氯菊酯、溴氰菊酯氯菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯的最适ｐＨ分别为８．０、８．５、８．０、８．０、９．０、７．５;米氏常数分别为４１．４、１３６．８、６５．４、２２２．８、５．２、８．６７ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｌ;最适温度为３２．５℃,该粗酶液在ｐＨ５．０－１０．５均具有降解活性。     

典型持久性有机物存放库房及周边场地环境风险评估

为评估流通领域典型持久性有机物存放库房及周边的场地环境风险,按相关标准要求监测了评估场地土壤和地下水的滴滴涕、六六六、汞、砷等因子。结果表明:场地土壤环境受到了比较明显的六六六及砷污染,场地土壤污染物主要分布在表层,而场地地下水未发现这些污染物。采用普通克里格插值法计算得出污染修复区域需要修复的污染土壤方量约为150 m3。通过本次评估发现,杀虫剂流通领域特别是存放库房所在场地受持久性有机物污染的可能性较高,需要特别关注。     

酰胺类除草剂与四种杀虫剂对蚯蚓的联合毒性

采用滤纸接触法测定了2种酰胺类除草剂和4种常用杀虫剂及其混剂对赤子爱胜蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)的室内毒性,并用毒性单位法评价混剂的联合毒性效应.结果表明,6种农药对赤子爱胜蚯蚓的毒性依次为阿维菌素＞克百威＞毒死蜱＞三唑磷＞乙草胺＞丁草胺,96h致死中浓度分别为0.800,3.481,8.213,10463,12.580,29.910μg/cm2;乙草胺分别与克百威和三唑磷按毒性单位11和14混用,使克百威的蚯蚓毒性分别增强9.5和4.5倍,三唑磷的蚯蚓毒性分别增强5.5和4.4倍,丁草胺与三唑磷按毒性单位11和14混用,使三唑磷的蚯蚓毒性分别增强6.7和4.8倍.其他混用组合未见明显的增毒作用.     

A novel thermal biosensor based on enzyme reaction for pesticides measurement

A novel thermal biosensor based on enzyme reaction for pesticides detection has been developed. This biosensor is a flow injection analysis system and consists of two channels with enzyme reaction column and identical reference column, which is set for eliminating the unspecific heat, The enzyme reaction takes place in the enzyme reaction column at a constant temperature(40℃) realized by a thermoelectric thermostat. Thermosensor based on the thermoelectric module containing 127 serial BiTe-thermocouples is used to monitor the temperature difference between two effluents from enzyme reaction column and reference column. The ability of this biosensor to detect pesticides is demonstrated by the decreased degree of the hydrolytic heat in two types of thermosensor mode. The hydrolytic reaction is inhibited by 36% at 1mg/L DDVP and 50% at 10mg/L DDVP when cell-typed thermosensor is used. The percent inhibition is 30% at 1mg/L DDVP and 42% at 10mg/L DDVP in tube-typed thermosensor mode. The detection for real sample shows that this biosensor can be used for detection of organophosphate pesticides residue.     

北京地区松叶中有机卤素污染物的研究

利用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定了北京市不同“功能区”松叶中可萃取有机卤素污染物(EOX)的含量,结果表明,化工工业区松叶中可萃取有机氯(EOCl)含量高达40mg/g(干重),钢铁工业区的松叶含量最低(12mg/g).松叶中EOCl、可萃取有机溴(EOBr)、碘(EOI)含量顺序为EOCl>>EOBr>EOI, EOCl在总EOX中占到了97%以上.在EOCl中,有机氯农药仅占0.2%～1.9%,松叶中绝大多数EOCl为未知的.4个城市“功能区”中EOCl含量顺序为化工工业区>交通枢纽地带>居民区>钢铁工业区.城区大气中有机氯污染物主要来自化学工业和交通污染.城区松叶中EOCl的含量远高于偏远山区的样品,但两地样品中EOBr、EOI的含量无显著差异.