《黑龙江省松花江流域水污染防治条例》的立法背景、重要意义及特点

<黑龙江省松花江流域水污染防治条例>的颁布与实施,增强了环境保护等行政执法部门打击违法排污企业、执行法律法规方面的可操作性,对改善松花江流域的水环境质量将起到积极的推动作用.     

西江上游河水悬浮物中稀土元素的地球化学特征

采用改进的BCR逐级提取法和ICP-MS测试技术,对西江上游河流悬浮物中稀土元素进行了研究。结果表明:河流悬浮物稀土元素总量的含量变化范围在188～402mg/kg之间,并主要来源于流域内岩石的风化,反映了源区的物质特征。西江上游河水悬浮物中三种非稳定态(即酸可提取态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物硫化物结合态)稀土元素页岩(PAAS)标准化配分模式均显示出中稀土富集的特征。这种配分模式可能是由于流域内广布的海相沉积岩中磷酸盐矿物的风化所造成的。稳定态(即残渣态)的配分曲线较为平直,没有体现出明显的稀土分异。悬浮态稀土各赋存形态含量的顺序为:残渣态有机物硫化物结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态酸可提取态。中稀土元素Sm、Eu、Gd相对于轻、重稀土元素的稳定态所占比例偏低,而相对于三种非稳定态所占比例偏高,反映了其潜在的地球化学活性。     

大顶子山航电枢纽工程蓄水后对松花江哈尔滨江段着生藻类的影响

通过对松花江哈尔滨江段着生藻类的调查,重点研究大顶子山航电枢纽工程投入使用后,该江段着生藻类生物多样性的变化。结果显示：该工程投入使用后,哈尔滨江段的着生藻类种类增加8个属、密度增加10．8倍,水体呈现出蓝绿藻比例升高、污染指数下降等变化特征。     

简讯

中央财政斥50亿专项防治三河三湖及松花江污染 为进一步引导地方政府加大各项治污措施落实力度,切实解决重点流域水污染问题,2011年中央财政安排资金50亿元,专项用于三河三湖及松花江流域水污染防治。财政部、环保部改进和完善了专项资金使用办法,     

黄浦江上游水源保护区农田氮磷养分平衡分析

通过对黄浦江上游水源保护区各类农田氮磷养分输入和输出的实地调查和资料分析,采用养分平衡盈亏评价方法,研究了黄浦江上游水源保护区不同类型农田养分平衡现状.结果表明:黄浦江上游水源保护区水田、旱地、园地氮素实际平衡盈亏率分别为31.17％、49.78％、44.33％,分别高出允许平衡盈亏率30.46％、90.18％ 、37...     

北京30年来最大的水资源保护工程(上)

"鹅,鹅,鹅,曲项向天歌.白毛浮绿水,红掌拨清波."这是唐代诗人骆宾王在7岁时作的<咏鹅>诗,也是我们小的时候最早学的一首诗,另外一首大概就是<锄禾>了.前面一首描写的是长着一身雪白羽毛的大白鹅,悠闲地浮在清澈的水面,划动双蹼,时不时地向晴朗的天空伸长优美的脖子,嘴里发出"鹅,鹅"的叫喊召唤不远处的同伴.     

北沙河上游流域氮、磷污染风险空间分布特征解析

非点源污染是全球水环境污染治理面临的严峻挑战之一,氮（N）、磷（P）污染是非点源污染重要的组成部分,解析N、P污染风险空间分布特征是非点源污染治理的关键.本研究以北沙河上游流域为例,采用输出系数法综合估算区域不同土地利用类型、畜禽养殖和居民生活的N、P污染负荷,将其视为污染源因子指标以替代潜在非点源污染指数（Potential Non-point Pollution Indicator,PNPI）模型中的土地利用指标,利用改进后的PNPI模型解析该流域N、P污染风险空间分布特征.结果表明：(1)研究区N、P污染风险皆呈东南部居民区高、西北部山区低的空间分布特征;(2)P污染主要源自居民生活,N污染主要源自土地利用输出,各土地利用类型中耕地输出的N、P污染量最多;(3)N、P污染极低风险区面积占比最大,面积占比分别为59%和56%,极高风险区面积占比最小,分别为5%和3%.研究结果有望为北沙河上游流域非点源N、P污染防治提供依据,为流域综合治理提供参考.     

浑河上游(清原段)水环境中重金属时空分布及污染评价

为了解浑河上游(清原段)水环境中重金属污染水平及其污染程度,对浑河上游(清原段)表层水体和表层沉积物中6种重金属(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd、As)的含量及时空分布分别进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数评价法和地累积指数评价法对表层水体和表层沉积物中4种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、As)的污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,浑河上游表层水体Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd、As的季节变化均表现为丰水期含量高于平水期和枯水期.表层水体Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd的沿程变化趋势基本相似,均在H7站出现最高值.不同水文时期的水体pH值、硬度和DO值对水体重金属含量分布产生的影响各不相同,水体重金属相互之间存在一定的显著性相关关系,说明它们之间可能具有一定的同源性.浑河上游表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Fe这4种重金属的季节变化规律均为:枯水期>丰水期>平水期.表层沉积物中Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd这5种重金属的沿程变化相似,均在中间出现一个最高值.采用综合污染指数评价法表明,浑河上游水体大部分水质良好,个别站位重金属污染比较突出.采用地累积指数法评价表明,浑河上游表层沉积物主要以Cu、Cd、As污染为主.     

Upper Yellow River air concentrations of organochlorine pesticides estimated from tree bark, and their relationship with socioeconomic indices

Organochlorine pesticide(OCP) concentrations in tree bark from the upper Yellow River region were determined. Total OCP concentrations ranged from 2.7 to 82 ng/g dw, with a mean of 20 ng/g dw. Concentrations of total(Σ) DDTs(0.49–37 ng/g dw), HCHs(0.55–4.5 ng/g dw), and HCB(0.1–1.0 ng/g dw) were much higher than the other OCPs and accounted for 89% of the ΣOCP concentrations. p,p′-DDT was the dominant member of the DDT pesticide group and-HCH was the dominant HCH isomer. The p,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDE and-HCH/-HCH ratios suggested that there were recent DDT and-HCH releases. OCP concentrations in the air were estimated from the tree bark, and the estimated median ΣDDTs, ΣHCHs, and HCB concentrations in the air were 0.09, 0.14, and 0.024 pg/m3, respectively. The relationship between total OCP concentrations and socioeconomic and natural environment indices were assessed using multiple linear regression analysis, and a regression equation including all these factors was obtained. Population density and tertiary industry were the two dominant factors that appeared to affect OCP concentrations in the upper Yellow River region.     

Perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Huaihe watershed in China

Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances （PFASs） and nine organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） were quantified in surface sediments from the Huaihe River, China, along which there are intensive industrial and agricultural activities. Concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.06 to 0.46 ng/g dry weight （dw）, and concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.48 to 32.65 ng/g dw. Compared with other areas in China, concentrations of PFASs were lesser than the national mean value, while concentrations of OCPs were moderate. Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） and perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） ranged from n.d. （not detected） to 0.03 and n.d. to 0.10 ng/g dw, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, mean concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers （HCHs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites （DDTs） and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） were 5.62 ± 4.35, 2.43 ± 3.12 and 1.55 ± 4.17 ng/g dw, respectively. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs decreased from upstream to downstream along the mainstream of the Huaihe River. When compared to sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）, concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB would pose adverse biological effects. In general, contamination by PFASs in the upstream of the Huaihe River was more severe than that in the downstream, which was mainly caused by interception from dams, locks and industrial emissions. And OCPs from tributaries, especially the Yinghe River and Wohe River, were higher than those from Huaihe mainstream, and primarily came from historical inputs.