模拟酸雨条件下垃圾填埋的重金属地球化学迁移模型——以徐州为例

为研究酸雨沉降条件下垃圾中重金属迁移过程,以重金属浓度变化为基础,建立了生物反应器填埋场重金属浸出和淋出的地球化学迁移过程模型和地球化学迁移的数学预测模型。研究表明,重金属的浸出顺序为As、Ni、Cr、Co、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sn、Hg、Pb、Fe,淋出顺序为Mn、Co、Ni、Cr、Cu、Cd、As、Fe、Zn、Hg、Pb、Sn;对生活垃圾重金属浸出所建立的数学模型大多为指数函数、幂函数、二次函数,对模拟酸雨条件下的生物反应器填埋场重金属的淋出建立的数学模型大多为二次函数、幂函数,数学模型的相关系数在0.9以上,模型拟合效果较为理想;通过引进重金属元素释放系数建立了生物反应器填埋场重金属淋出累积总量的模型,修正后的模型的计算结果和实测值的误差在千分之一以内,可用于预测填埋场内重金属溶出总量。     

基于物料衡算法的复杂化工过程产排污量核算软件的开发及应用

物料衡算法是污染源普查技术规定的污染物排放量核算的一种重要方法,但对于复杂的化工过程,物料衡算法的难度和计算工作量均很大,难以为基层环境监察人员掌握和运用,同时运用物料衡算进行污染物排放量核算的可靠性,也很难保证。结合排污量核定实践,综合进行物料衡算的技巧和一般方法,科学地模化物质转化转移过程,以此为基础,应用Visual Basic高级计算机语言编制了针对复杂化工过程的物料衡算计算软件,并以沈阳某制药有限公司的脑复康生产过程为原型,利用实测资料对计算模型进行了验证,应用该软件计算某制药厂VC生产线等4条生产线的产排污量核算。该软件应用简便,可以方便快捷地进行复杂化工过程的物料衡算,并可以分析生产过程中的主要产污环节,为提高清洁生产水平提供科学依据。     

环境管理体系要素之间的关系分析

GB／T24001-2004《环境管理体系要求及使用指南》标准的部分要素之间存在一定的联系。在审核员考前培训时,发现常有学员对这些要素之间的关系搞不太清楚;在对实习审核员进行验证时,也发现一些实习审核员孤立地就某一条款开展审核,不关注条款之间的关系,不会以重要环境因素为主线开展过程审核。标准条款作为一个有机的组成部分,条款之间是有一定联系的,作为一个体系的组成部分,它们之间存在相关联系、相互作用的关系。以下对要素之间的关系予以说明。     

"头"等大事马虎不得——安全帽写给人们的一封信

亲爱的人们,你们好： 我,安全帽,是专门防御人们的头部不受外来物体打击的一种劳动防护用品,凡是在建筑施工工地、工业安装施工场所和工业生产过程等场所都必须使用我。在与人们相处的过程中我感受到人们对我喜爱,但是也有一些人对我不够重视和爱护,因此我给人们写信谈谈我的心里话。     

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process for wastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d to treat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage. Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS) was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of 0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in corresponding influent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet the requirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). The removal rates of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradation is indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network (BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4 +-N was 5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The results indicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS. It also suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters in submarine.     

NRDC负责任采购计划(RSI)的十项最佳实践——纺织业最佳实践报告(摘要)

<正>纺织生产会给环境带来巨大影响。在每吨纺织品的染整生产过程中,高达200吨的水会被一系列化学品污染,用于加热蒸汽和热水的能源消耗也相当巨大。更令人担忧的是,现在全球的纺织产业越来越集中于环境监管制度不够健全的发展中国家,比如中国、印度、     

火电湿法烟气脱硫塔模拟及优化操作分析

基于火电石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫工艺,以华能福州电厂实际生产数据为依据,经对设备分别简化建模,建立了反映实际脱硫过程的脱硫塔模型,形成全工艺模拟流程,模型计算结果和实际运行数据间平均误差为0.4364%.对脱硫工艺过程进行灵敏度分析,得出循环浆液pH值、烟气流量、液气比等因素对吸收效率的影响.最后,以灵敏度分析结论为基础,借助多目标优化方法分析不同工况下各控制因素对脱硫效率的影响,得到基本优化控制范围(pH值处于5.4～5.6、烟气压力处于0～1000Pa)和相应的最优控制方案,并分析了优化操作结果的工业适用性.     

Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

资源型城市转型的信贷投放约束及对策

资源型城市转型是一个世界性难题,是一个涉及面广、具有交叉性和复杂性的问题。本文简要介绍了发达国家推进资源型城市转型的主要做法,分析了资源型城市转型过程中制约银行信贷投放的主要因素,提出银行支持资源型城市转型的对策建议。