Distribution characteristics of total mercury and methylmercury in the topsoil and dust of Xiamen, China

The levels and distribution of mercury (Hg) species, including total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the topsoil and dust collected from twenty sampling stations located in di erent land function areas of Xiamen, China, were investigated. The THg concentrations in topsoil ranged from 0.071 to 1.2 mg/kg, and in dust ranged from of 0.034 to 1.4 mg/kg. For stations where the THg of dust was less than 0.31 mg/kg, THg concentrations in the topsoil were significantly correlated to those in the corresponding dust (r = 0.597, n = 16, P = 0.014). The MeHg concentrations in topsoil were varied between 0.14 and 5.7 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the topsoil ranged from 0.069% to 0.74%. The range of MeHg concentration in the dust were 0.092–2.3 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the dust were at the same level as those in the topsoil. The MeHg concentrations in both topsoil and dust were linked to corresponding THg concentrations and soil organic matter. Neither THg nor MeHg concentration in the topsoil and dust was obviously linked to the land function.     

多功能型城市人工湿地水体汞分布特征及其量变分析

以重庆某集接纳生活污水处理厂出水、水质净化、休闲娱乐为一体的城市湿地公园为研究对象,根据水流流向设点采样,分析了湿地公园内污水处理区、湖泊深度净化区中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)的分布特征,并探讨了其源汇关系.结果表明,污水处理区出水THg质量浓度范围为1. 98～38. 03 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(9. 10±5. 84) ng·L~(-1)],出水MeHg质量浓度范围为0. 09～0. 84 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(0. 34±0. 08) ng·L~(-1)];湖泊深度净化区THg质量浓度范围为0. 37～85. 69 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(6. 76±2. 29) ng·L~(-1)],MeHg质量浓度范围为0. 04～1. 47 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(0. 35±0. 17) ng·L~(-1)],人为活动对汞浓度的干扰较为明显.水体总汞、甲基汞垂直分布规律具有一致性,均表现出表层深层.通过物料衡算,表明该湿地系统水体总汞每年降低155. 50 g,水体甲基汞每年降低1. 65 g,对下游水体具有保护作用.     

贵州省赫章县土法炼锌过程中汞的释放量初步研究

对赫章县铅锌矿石、冶炼矿渣、煤、煤渣中汞含量进行了测定．结果表明,矿石中汞含量与锌含量存在显的正相关关系．基于上述测定结果并运用质量平衡法则,计算出不同类型矿石原料在冶炼过程中向大气的释汞因子：硫化矿为每生产It的Zn向大气释放155g的Hg;氧化矿为每生产It的Zn向大气释放79g的Hg．结合上述释放因子,对赫章土法炼锌过程中汞释放量进行了估算。     

Transformation of mercury speciation through the SCR system in power plants

Coal-fired utility boilers are now identified as the largest source of mercury in the United States. There is speculation that the installation of selective catalytic reduction （SCR） system for reduction of NOx can also prompt the oxidation and removal of mercury. In this paper, tests at six full-scale power plants with similar type of the SCR systems are conducted to investigate the effect of the SCR on the transformation of mercury speciation. The results show that the SCR system can achieve more than 70%-80% oxidation of elemental mercury and enhance the mercury removal ability in these units. The oxidation of elemental mercury in the SCR system strongly depends on the coal properties and the operation conditions of the SCR systems. The content of chloride in the coal is the key factor for the oxidization process and the maximum oxidation of elemental mercury is found when chloride content changes from 400 to 600 ppm. The sulfur content is no significant impact on oxidation of elemental mercury.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的汞及现场污水处理设施对其的去除

渗滤液一直是困扰垃圾填埋场的一个主要问题,处理不当会对周围生态环境造成严重的污染。垃圾中混入的汞淋滤进入渗滤液将会造成水体的汞污染。对贵阳市高雁垃圾卫生填埋场产生的渗滤液原液和不同处理单元过程中汞的含量进行了调查分析,结果表明该填埋场渗滤液原液中的汞含量为79.4ng·L-1,处于国内外的中低水平,就汞而言污染并不严重。经过处理,渗滤液有近2/3的汞被去除了。渗滤液原液中的汞主要以颗粒态为主,随着处理单元过程,这一比例逐渐降低。渗滤液中的汞含量与填埋垃圾汞含量、pH、以及填埋物质对汞的吸附有关。     

有机锡化合物对萝卜螺的毒性作用

研究了氯化三丁基锡（ＴＢＴ）对折叠萝卜螺Ｒａｄｉｘｐｌｉｃａｔｕｌａ的毒性作用,结果表明,ＴＢＴ对萝卜螺的９６ｈ半数数致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）为１．１７μｇ／Ｌ,在４０ｄ中,ＴＢＴ对萝卜螺放卵量的ＥＣ５０为０．１０μｇ／Ｌ,螺卵孵化率的ＬＣ５０为０．１７μｇ／Ｌ。     

印染末端废水中全氟化合物的污染特征、影响因素及风险评价

全氟化合物（Perfluorinated compounds,PFCs）常被作为织物整理剂和表面活性剂应用于纺织印染行业,通过末端处理排放进入水体环境,对生态安全产生直接影响.本研究采集我国长三角地区58家纺织印染厂的调节池原水和末端排放尾水样品,建立固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（SPE-UPLC-MS/MS）对8种短中链全氟化合物（C4~C8）进行分析,探明印染废水PFCs的污染特征.结果表明,8种目标化合物在废水样本中检出率为38.9%~100.0%,原水中PFCs浓度为29.37~4518.27 ng·L^-1,末端尾水中PFCs浓度为8.82~3995.76 ng·L^-1,其中PFOA是首要的污染物.传统的废水处理工艺对短中链全氟化合物有一定去除作用,去除率最高可达79.9%.Kruskal-Wallis检验发现PFOA、PFHpA及PFHxA在以化纤为原料的生产过程中残留水平显著高于其他材料.Spearman相关性分析及主成分分析显示,官能团结构、碳链长度和前体物质降解是影响其来源的主要因素.生态风险分析结果表明,PFOA和PFOS的风险商值均小于1,尚未达到对生态环境和水生生物具有风险的水平.     

含氮杂环化合物在厌氧和缺氧条件下的降解研究

选取5种含氮杂环化合物吡啶，吲哚、喹啉、异喹啉，2－甲基喹啉，研究了它们在厌氧和缺氧条件下的降解情况，结果表明，上述5种化合物在厌氧条件下的降解从易到难依次为：吲哚＞异喹啉≈喹啉＞吡啶＞2－甲基喹啉，在缺氧条件下的降解从易到难依次排列为：吡啶＞吲哚＞喹啉＞2－甲基喹啉＞异喹啉。实验比较，说明5种化合物在缺氧条件下都比在厌氧条件下容易降解，特别是吡啶，其降解速率有很大提高。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场释放汞的形态初步研究

大气的人为汞释放源研究已经较为广泛,但国内外对垃圾填埋场这一潜在的大气汞释放源还没有重视,尤其是垃圾填埋场释放汞的形态研究较为缺乏。2003年11月下旬,对贵阳市一新建的生活垃圾填埋场排放气体中的总汞(TGM)、单甲基汞(MMHg)、二甲基汞(DMHg)进行了初步的研究。结果显示填埋半年、填埋一年与填埋两年的垃圾填埋场排气筒气体中总汞浓度分别为665.52±291.25ng/m3(n=305)、25.6±3.2ng/m3(n=13)、14.5±1.8ng/m3(n=28);填埋半年与填埋两年的垃圾填埋场排气筒气体中单甲基汞浓度分别为2.06±1.82ng/m3(n=11)、0.18±0.06ng/m3(n=2),二甲基汞浓度为9.45±5.18ng/m3(n=12)。这一结果初步说明垃圾填埋场不仅是大气总汞的释放源类型之一,也是大气中毒性更强的单甲基汞与二甲基汞的释放源之一。