着力人机控制是防范安全事故的最佳途径

生产安全事故是由生产过程中操作因素引起的人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态所造成的危害。着力加强对人与物的管理（以下简称“双控”管理）,从源头上采取控制措施,就有可能减少或避免生产安全事故的发生。     

基于FDS的加油站便利店火灾模拟

为了研究加油站便利店火灾的发展规律,选择合理的疏散路线,使用 FDS软件对某加油站便利店进行火灾数值模拟。通过观察烟气扩散和动态升温过程,分析便利店的烟气扩散和升温规律,对比分析不同疏散路线上温度、烟气层高度和能见度的数据变化规律,分析选择不同疏散路线对人员安全疏散的影响。结果表明:在无火灾报警设备的情况下,卫生间等有隔断的设施会延迟设施内人员获得火灾信息的时间,不利于安全疏散;同等高度下靠墙区域受高温烟气影响较中央开阔区域更大;疏散时选择合理的疏散路线可以显著延长安全疏散时间。     

考虑油滴碰撞聚结的斜板除油过程模拟

考虑离散油滴在油田废水除油过程中发生的油滴碰撞聚结现象,模拟得出斜板除油器内全部油滴的动态信息,用于斜板除油器除油效率的计算.对矩形同向流斜板除油过程的模拟研究表明:油滴的碰撞聚结会增加斜板除油的效率;当废水的原始含油浓度增大时,斜板除油的效率会增大,碰撞聚结对除油效率提高的影响也越大;废水流动速度提高及斜板的倾斜角度增加均会使斜板的除油效率降低,但此时油滴碰撞聚结对除油效率的影响仍很明显.     

隧道半横向排烟模式下不同排烟口分布的温度场数值模拟研究

结合某过江盾构隧道,基于三维流体动力学模拟仿真软件平台,建立三维仿真模型,研究火灾发生在隧道盾构段典型区段时,排烟开口在火源上下游不同的分布模式时烟气层的温度场分布。通过分析模拟结果可知:随着火源上游排烟开口逐步增加,火源上游烟气逆流长度和蔓延速度都相对稳定而后又逐步增长,火源下游的烟气蔓延长度先减小而后又基本趋于稳定,下游烟气沉降高度则有所升高;火源位置处正上方温度则随着上游排烟开口的个数逐步增加而逐渐升高。而从其他的排烟开口变化模式模拟结果可知:随着排烟开口面积或者开口间距的逐步增大,烟气蔓延的速度先增加而后又逐步减小,且开口间距为30m左右时烟气蔓延速度相对较慢;排烟开口宽高比对烟气蔓延影响较小。所获得的结论将有助于相关类型工程的设计和管理。     

表面漆对地板材料火灾初期热释放特性影响的研究

漆与木材是两种不同性质的材料,带有表面漆和不带表面漆的木地板在火灾初期的热释放特性有所不同。本文利用锥形量热计对不同辐射能量条件下的两类木地板的释热特性了实验研究,发现漆对木地板的点燃性和点燃初期的释热特性有较大的影响。这种影响与木材的种类和外部辐射能量的大小有密切的关系。     

火灾下爆炸冲击波在钢结构中的传播规律及破坏机理

为了研究爆炸冲击波对结构的影响,基于一维爆炸波轴向传播方程,结合流固耦合的方法,借助 ANSYS/ LS?DYNA 有限元软件建立三维单层单跨框架模型。考虑高温软化效应和应变率对屈服强度的影响,分析连接方式为固定端时爆炸波的传播,研究爆炸与火灾联合作用下爆炸波在钢结构构件中的传播规律及其破坏原因。研究结果表明：垂直爆炸波方向的竖向构件内力的分布具有弱传递性,沿爆炸波方向的杆件动力响应显著;700 ℃爆炸冲击波在杆端往复传播导致在钢结构杆件中传播速度明显比常温下慢,但截面轴向速度的峰值变大,约为 200 ℃的 3 倍,并且沿爆炸波方向杆件的轴向速度比垂直方向杆件的轴向速度大得多;常温下,垂直爆炸波的梁因受剪单元提前发生失效;高温下,构件损伤严重,垂直爆炸波方向的梁最先发生弯剪破坏,其次为柱剪切破坏,最后沿爆炸波方向的梁产生受压破坏。     

Antimicrobial activity of thin metallic silver flakes, waste products of a manufacturing process

The aim of the research was to develop new products and processes from a manufacturing waste from an Italian metallurgic company. The company produced thin silver metallic films and the production scraps were silver flakes. The possibility to use the silver flakes in water disinfection processes was studied. The antimicrobial activity of the flakes was investigated in batch using Escherichia coli as Gram-negative microorganism model. The flakes did not show any antimicrobial activity, so they were activated with two different processes: thermal activation in reducing atmosphere and chemical activation, obtaining, respectively, reduced flakes (RF) and chemical flakes (CF). The flakes, activated with either treatment, showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli. The kill rate was dependent on the type of activated flakes. The chemical flakes were more efficient than reduced flakes. The kill rate determined for 1 g of CF, 1.0 ± 0.2 min⁻¹, was greater than the kill rate determined for 1 g of RF, 0.069 ± 0.004 min⁻¹. This was confirmed also by the minimum inhibitory concentration values. It was demonstrated that the antimicrobial capability was dependent on flakes amount and on the type of aqueous medium. Furthermore, the flakes maintained their properties also when used a second time. Finally, the antimicrobial activities of flakes were tested in an effluent of a wastewater treatment plant where a variety of heterotrophic bacteria were present.     

基于FTA与SPA方法的湿法成型硫磺料仓安全分析与评价研究

为了控制湿法成型硫磺料仓风险,评估硫磺料仓安全状态,采用事故树方法分析了硫磺料仓发生火灾爆炸事故的原因,并利用最小割集和最小径集分析了事故的可能途径,确定了最佳控制方案为控制可燃粉尘和气体的聚集。针对硫磺料仓安全状态影响因素的不确定性和动态性的特点,将多元联系数集对分析法引入硫磺料仓危险性评价中,建立了料仓危险性评价指标体系,综合判断了料仓危险性态势。评价结果与现场实际情况较符合,为湿法成型硫磺料仓的安全评价工作提供了思路,为其风险控制措施的制定提供了参考。     

Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal e ciency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal e ciencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal e ciencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal e ciency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.     

过电流故障铝导线熔痕部位与组织特征关联性研究

为深入研究过电流故障铝导线熔痕部位与组织特征之间的关联关系,本文模拟2.5 mm²BLV铝导线通25～187.5 A电流时的发热、熔断和燃烧过程,研究过电流铝导线发热形变与熔痕形成的内在关联,根据各部位熔痕受热形成过程,分类识别典型组织特征。研究结果表明:随着电流值升高,铝导线先后出现线芯发热、绝缘热解、熔断拉弧、绝缘燃烧、重力折断等现象,发生熔断拉弧的临界电流值位于[71.5,73)A区间内;重力折断痕迹和导线本体组织受线芯发热和绝缘燃烧的共同影响,组织为粗大的块状晶,折断点为锯齿状寸断痕迹;熔断电弧熔痕为高温电弧作用于熔化金属后凝固形成,呈树枝状、纤维状铸态组织,分区分布,孔洞较少,表现为圆珠状、钝头状、尖头型、弯折状、牵拉状等5种典型形貌。通过建立熔痕部位与组织特征的关联,增加故障判断证据维度,为准确识别铝导线发生过电流故障及溯源起火过程提供数据支持。