垃圾降解过程中脲酶测定条件优化

在土壤脲酶测定方法的基础上,以垃圾填埋场中的填埋垃圾为研究对象,通过单因素试验和正交试验对垃圾降解过程中脲酶活性测定方法进行优化。结果表明,垃圾降解过程中脲酶活性测定最优条件为:垃圾样品风干温度30℃,甲苯0.5mL,10%尿素1mL,0.1mol/LpH5.5柠檬酸钠缓冲液3mL,培养温度及培养时间分别为30℃和24h。优化后的的测定条件RSD小于0.82%,且测定值较传统方法提高30.48%～147.28%,表明该方法精密度高,可行性强。     

京西某村小窑采空区的稳定性分析

京西是北京地区的主要产煤区,地下有许多煤层采空区,是影响地表建筑物稳定的重大安全隐患.本文运用概率积分法,对京西某村小窑采空区的地表沉陷量及剩余变形量进了计算,并对小窑采空区的稳定性进行了分析和评价.     

重庆境内07.7泥石流灾害形成机理及启示

2007年7月在暴雨激发下,重庆境内多处暴发泥石流,本次泥石流的集中暴发是地形地貌、物源和暴雨等多因子耦合异变的必然结果,打破115年记录的降雨是泥石流暴发的客观因素,但人类工程活动,如山区城镇建设、采矿、交通建设等造成的弃渣、毁林,是引发泥石流灾害的重要原因。对本次泥石流形成条件、形成机理进行了分析,并综合历史泥石流事例、山洪、水土流失分区、地形地貌、物源、气候等因素,对重庆境内泥石流发育趋势进行了初步分区;并基于成因分析、机理研究和泥石流分区,提出了重庆境内泥石流灾害有关防治对策建议。     

对复配菌群降解焦化废水优化条件的探讨

焦化废水属于含苯环的芳香类化合物和杂环化舍物的难降解有机废水。在正常条件下,难以取得很好效果,在复配茵群降解焦化废水生物处理工程中,只有在优良的环境条件下,复配菌群才能更好地生长、繁殖,从而达到最佳的处理效果。     

细菌生长与接种条件

通过对无菌室开紫外灯灭菌时间的长短进行空白营养琼脂培养基培养后细菌有无情况的比较分析,得出无菌室用紫外灯灭菌的最佳时间是30min;并通过接种时控制培养基温度为40～45℃,了解菌落分布均匀,生长良好的前提.     

基于条件高斯模拟的城市灰尘Pb元素的空间分布特征

城市灰尘是分散于城市不同区域的表面固体颗粒物。城市灰尘对城市环境造成的污染越来越多地受到人们的关注,尤其是城市灰尘重金属对城市生存环境造成的危害。本文利用R软件中的Gstat包,对金华市城市地表灰尘中的Pb元素含量进行500次条件高斯模拟,并从中随机抽出3次模拟对其模拟结果进行分析,从模拟结果可以看出研究区Pb元素总体上显示出相似的空间变化趋势,但在细部空间变化上是有差别的。条件高斯模拟法对未知点的模拟值具有不确定性,克服了普通克里格法的平滑效应,能够更好地反映研究区的随机性和结构性。     

搅拌条件对两种染料混凝气浮去除效果的影响研究

实验以七水硫酸镁及硫酸铝钾为混凝剂,十二烷基硫酸钠为浮选剂,研究了搅拌条件对酸性大红3R、还原深蓝BO混凝气浮去除效果的影响。结果表明,当搅拌转速为100 r/min、搅拌时间为10min时,混凝气浮对酸性大红3R的去除效果较好,吸光度去除率为67.33%,色度去除率为69.23%;当搅拌转速为50 r/min、搅拌时间为10min时,混凝气浮对还原深蓝BO的去除效果较好,吸光度去除率为84.33%,色度去除率为99.70%。     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos in laboratory soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity

Degradation of chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of chlorpyrifos at levels of 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg in soil were calculated to be 14.3, 16.7, and 18.0 d, respectively. The Biolog study showed that average well color development (AWCD) in soils was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by chlorpyrifos within the first two weeks and thereafter recovered to the similar level as the control. A similar variation in the diversity indices (Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U) in chlorpyrifos-treated soils was observed, no significant difference in the Shannon-Wiener index H' was found in these soils. With increasing chlorpyrifos concentration, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) extended and its inhibitory effects on soil microorganisms were aggravated. It is concluded that chlorpyrifos residues in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial functional diversity.     

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio < 15; (b) NH₄⁺-N < 400 mg/kg; (c) CO₂-C < 2000 mg CO₂-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity < 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) > 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.     

低分子量有机酸对岩源磷释放的实验研究

低分子量有机酸是微生物和植物根系分泌物中重要的组成部分.采用浸泡实验比较了4种常见低分子量有机酸(草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸)对巢湖北岸东部富磷地层中岩源磷的释放量,并对浸提后的部分残渣进行磷的赋存形态分析.结果表明,当有机酸浓度小于5mmol·L-1时,柠檬酸的释磷量最大;大于5mmol·L-1时,草酸和酒石酸的释磷量最大,此时释磷量与有机酸的浓度具有一定的线性关系,其增加趋势远大于浓度小于5mmol·L-1时的增加趋势,而其中草酸和酒石酸又远大于柠檬酸和苹果酸.在有机酸溶液终止pH≥4时,有机酸溶液终止pH与释磷量有较好的线性关系.在50mmol·L-1相同浓度时,草酸对各赋存形态磷转化作用均最大,酒石酸次之.而4种酸对有机磷释放率最大,均高达97%以上,对闭蓄态磷的释放率最小.