A/O-MBBR工艺处理生活污水性能及菌群结构

采用设计规模为100m³/d的一体化缺/好氧-移动床生物膜反应器(A/O-MBBR)处理实际生活污水,通过265d的中试研究考察了该工艺在多因素扰动下的除碳和脱氮性能,并对不同运行阶段微生物群落结构的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,一体化A/O-MBBR系统具有良好的COD去除效果和脱氮性能.当好氧池溶解氧(DO)浓度和进水碳氮比(COD/N)分别为2.5~3.5mg/L和(7.9±2.0)时,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率分别达到(93.3±5.4)%、(99.1±0.6)%和(67.9±10.5)%.Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Chloroflexi在不同运行时期均有较高的相对丰度,保证了有机物的高效去除.A/O-MBBR系统脱氮功能菌在运行初期主要分布于活性污泥中,且相对丰度较低.长期运行后,生物膜与活性污泥中均同时检出大量硝化菌和反硝化菌.其中,相对丰度最高的硝化菌为Nitrospira,主要分布于生物膜上(19.48%~28.05%).反硝化菌则以Thauera、Terrimonas和Dokdonella等为主.     

活性污泥萃取液的安全性及对水稻苗期生长和土壤环境的影响

为进一步探讨活性污泥萃取液的农用安全性及应用效果,以水稻为试验材料,开展活性污泥萃取液安全性及与化肥不同配施量处理试验,通过设置5个处理组(CK,空白对照;CF,常规施肥对照;LMF,化肥减氮30%配施低量萃取液;HMF,化肥减氮30%配施高量萃取液;MF,化肥减氮100%配施全量萃取液),分析萃取液对水稻苗期生长性状、土壤理化性质和土壤微生物群落的影响. 结果表明:活性污泥萃取液中的重金属元素含量符合《含氨基酸水溶肥料》(NY 1429—2010)农用标准,0.33%~10%浓度的萃取液浸种可促进水稻种子萌发. 施用萃取液可促进水稻幼苗株高、茎宽、叶面积、地上部生物量与地下部生物量等生长指标的增加. 与常规施肥相比,配施萃取液后,土壤pH显著提高0.51%~13.8%,土壤电导率显著降低14.3%~66.3%,可溶性有机碳含量最高可显著增加68.0%. 高通量测序分析结果显示,相对丰度位于前10位的细菌门类在各处理土壤中均有分布,施用活性污泥萃取液改变了菌群分布比例,且对近根际土壤中菌群结构的影响最大. 施用活性污泥萃取液后,与碳循环相关的门类菌群显著增加,如变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)等;常见于胁迫环境的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)显著减少. 研究显示,活性污泥萃取液具有农用安全性,配施高量萃取液能显著促进水稻幼苗生长,改善土壤理化性质,优化土壤菌群结构,可与有机肥施用效能相当.      

微生物调控对有机废物堆肥的理化性质影响研究

研究了微生物调控对有机生活废物堆肥的理化性质影响,结果表明:添加微生物处理比对照处理提前1 d进入高温分解期,且高温(>50℃)持续时间为6 d,较对照处理的长3 d;pH呈先升高后降低的趋势,微生物处理的pH值对照处理的偏低;EC值呈"M"型变化规律,微生物处理的EC值较对照高;在整个堆肥过程中微生物处理的胡敏酸E 4/E 6值都低于对照,表明添加菌剂有利于生活垃圾腐殖化;以发芽指数GI均大于80%这一标准评判,微生物处理比对照提前8d腐熟.     

基于超低电容特性的微尘在线监测技术研究

为了更有效地测量工业烟尘排放浓度,研究了一种电容特性的微尘在线监测技术,利用电容传感器输出电压来反映粉尘质量。介绍了电容法测量粉尘量的原理、测量系统组成等,研究了粉尘质量与电容传感器输出电压的关系。对5种不同粉尘的测量结果进行分析表明,粉尘质量与电容传感器输出电压之间存在着一定的比例关系,其相关系数高达0.99。同时进行了微尘在线测量的研究,并采用电容特性曲线对测量系统进行了标定,从而验证了电容法在线微尘监测的可行性。     

黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸土壤微生物多样性对长期封育的响应

为了明确黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸土壤细菌和真菌群落对长期封育的响应特征,通过对土壤理化性质分析和高通量测序技术,对1年期(E1)、短期(E4)和长期(E10)围栏封育下土壤pH、含水量、养分和微生物群落组成及多样性进行分析.结果表明,E1封育显著降低土壤pH,而长短期封育均显著提高土壤pH,长期封育能显著提高土壤含水量和全氮含量,短期封育能显著提高土壤速效磷含量.长期封育能显著提高细菌变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和真菌子囊菌门(Ascomycota)相对丰度,短期封育能显著提高细菌酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)相对丰度,但长短期封育均使真菌担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度下降;随着封育年限的延长,细菌的Chao1和Shannon多样性指数呈增加趋势,长短期封育无显著差异,真菌的Chao1指数逐渐增加,Shannon多样性指数先增加后减小,长短期封育无显著差异.冗余分析(RDA)表明,围栏封育主要通过改变土壤pH和含水量来改变微生物群落组成和结构.因此,E4短期封育能明显改善斑块化退化高寒草甸的土壤理化性质和微生物多样性,无需进行长期封育,否则会造...     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

昆明市政污泥中植物养分含量与林地利用探讨

通过对昆明市5个污水处理厂污泥的实地采样,以常规方法对污泥进行了化学分析,同时在昆明周边林地进行土壤调查。结果显示,昆明污水处理厂污泥的含水率在80％以上,pH7～7．5,属中性反应;有机质含量、全氮（TN）、磷（TP）含量分别为567、51．4、57．2g·kg^-1,TN、TP养分大大高于传统农家厩肥中的含量。而昆明周边林地土壤中养分缺乏,需要适当的林地施肥。最后提出,林地利用是污泥资源化的有效途径。但由于污泥中含有大量有毒、有害物质,污泥的林地长期施用仍存在潜在风险,对环境及生产的实际影响仍需要长期、定位的试验研究。     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

一株耐低温石油降解菌的鉴定及降解特性

在低温条件下(15℃),从抚顺石油二厂曝气池活性污泥中驯化和分离得到一株以柴油为碳源的降解菌株Q21,通过菌体形态、生理生化反应特性和16S rDNA基因测序分析对其进行鉴定.菌株Q21为琼式不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii),该菌株利用柴油生长的最佳条件为:接种量为10%,生长温度为15℃,pH值为7.0,摇床转速为150 r·min-1,盐度为0.5%~1.0%,降解率为71.50%;降解后的残油组分经GC-MS分析结果表明,菌株Q21能降解柴油中所含的C9~C24之间大部分烷烃.     

微波及其组合工艺强化污泥厌氧消化研究

为提高剩余污泥的厌氧消化效能和脱水性能,考察了微波及其组合污泥预处理工艺的强化污泥厌氧消化效果,同时考察了预处理-厌氧消化过程的污泥理化特征及其脱水性能.结果表明,微波及其组合工艺可以强化污泥厌氧消化产甲烷,其中微波-过氧化氢-碱(0.2)的强化效果最为显著,不仅30 d累计产甲烷量比对照组增加了13.34%,而且产甲烷速率也得到了提升.与单独微波处理相比,过氧化氢、碱的投加显著提高了溶解性COD的释放量,这表明微波、过氧化氢、碱之间的协同作用能有效破碎污泥,进而强化厌氧消化效果;微波-酸预处理后的污泥具有良好的脱水性能,毛细吸水时间(CST)只有9.85 s,污泥脱水性能的改善与其表面电性、粒径分布的变化密切相关;不同预处理条件下的污泥经过厌氧消化后,污泥脱水性能较为接近.