国内外土地利用区划研究的回顾与展望

土地利用区划是从区域角度观察和研究地域综合体,探讨土地利用的发展历史、现状特点、变化过程及趋势,从最大限度发挥土地生产潜力及改善土地生态系统的结构与功能出发,对土地的合理利用方向,包括确定国民经济各部门用地的合理分配、结构和布局形式等,在地域上进行分区。通过简要回顾国内外土地利用区划研究的发展历程,总结了土地利用区划研究的理论方法特点及存在的问题,并在此基础上探讨今后土地利用区划研究的重点及发展方向：从自然要素向自然与人文要素有机结合方向转变;从大空间尺度向多空间尺度方向转变;从传统的区划方法向综合集成的新技术手段转变;从静态的区划研究向多要素、多过程耦合的动态区划研究方向转变。     

Resistance and biosorption mechanism of silver ions by Bacillus cereus biomass

Biosorption of silver ions onto Bacillus cereus biomass was investigated. Overall kinetic experiments were performed for the determination of the necessary contact time for the attainment of equilibrium. It was found that the overall biosorption process was best described by pseudo second-order kinetic model. The crystals detected by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested the precipitation was a possible mechanism of biosorption. The molecular genetics of silver resistance of B. cereus biomass was also detected and illustrated by a whole cell sensor tool.     

澳大利亚“碳税”方案仅剩精神可嘉？

当前,澳大利亚联邦政府努力为澳经济引入碳排放定价机制,以便实现节能减排的目的。然而,数月来,这项被称为“碳税”的方案却遇到越来越大的阻力,近期更是遭到反对党、工会和企业等多方的合力抵制。     

关键要在机制创新上破题

近来,转制科研机构的改革发展问题,成了科技界的一个热门话题。原因是部分转制科研机构,自企业化转制推进十年来,仍然起色不大,效益不佳,在发展甚至在生存上都存在着很多困惑。于是,就有了对国家和省里推进的十年企业化转制改革政策的重新评估和反思。据了解,反思的结论无外乎以下几种：一是科研机构企业化转制转错了,应该再转回来,     

环境保护“十二·五”规划——目标、任务与动力

围绕国家和自治区的总体要求,结合包头市实际,明确了包头市“十二·五”环境保护工作的指导思想、总体目标,以削减总量、改善质量、防范风险为主线,按环境要素提出了“十二·五”环境保护工作的重点任务和动力机制,为科学编制“十二·五”环境保护规划奠定了基础。     

跨流域环境污染联合处置机制初探——以苏鲁边界环保联席治污为例

随着经济的发展,流域水环境污染已成为制约区域经济和社会发展的关键性因素,流域跨界污染对上下游城市的水资源配置、社会稳定、经济可持续性等都提出严峻挑战。苏鲁边界九县（市）创造性地开展区域环境保护联席会议联防联治机制,为解决跨流域污染问题探索出了一条新路。     

纳米零价铁铜双金属对铬污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原动力学

采用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁铜双金属(n ZVI/Cu),通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其进行形貌观测和表征分析,用制备的n ZVI/Cu修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染的土壤,研究了不同反应条件对修复效果的影响,探讨了还原动力学规律.结果表明,n ZVI/Cu对土壤中的Cr(Ⅵ)有很好的降解效果,反应初始p H为7,温度为30℃时,加入2 g·L~(-1)的n ZVI/Cu材料,在10 min内Cr(Ⅵ)含量为88 mg·kg~(-1)的污染土壤中的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率可以达到99%以上.改变n ZVI/Cu加入量、p H值、反应温度以及添加腐殖酸都会对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果产生影响.改变p H值和反应温度对去除土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的影响都比较明显,p H值越小,反应温度越高Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果越好,添加腐殖酸对去除土壤中的Cr(Ⅵ)有一定的影响.n ZVI/Cu降解Cr(Ⅵ)的过程符合伪一级还原动力学模型,还原速率与反应温度的关系符合阿仑尼乌斯(Arrhenius)定律,反应活化能Ea为104.26 k J·mol~(-1).     

Biosorption mechanisms involved in immobilization of soil Pb by Bacillus subtilis DBM in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.     

彝族农户引入生物质炉CDM减排量估算与效益分析

以四川省凉山彝族自治州高效低排生物质炉推广项目为例,利用联合国清洁发展机制(CDM)项目方法学AMS.II.G估算了该项目的温室气体(GHG)减排量,并对其效益进行分析。凉山州农户安装使用了37 992台高效低排生物质炉。项目基准线调查结果表明,基准线情景下农户薪柴年使用量Bold值为5.6 t,主要用于炊事与取暖;非可再生生物质比例fNRB,y值为86%。37 992台生物质炉的年减排量为165 966 t CO2e,每年的减排收益为952.6万元。一定程度上改善了彝族农户生活质量,减少室内空气污染物排放;每年可节约157 494 t薪柴,占凉山州各类林地年薪柴供应量的3.3%,有利于森林资源的保护。     

高温自蔓延还原解毒固化铬渣技术研究

采用高温自蔓延技术处置铬渣,探讨了高温自蔓延技术还原解毒固化铬渣的机制。以铝粉和三氧化二铁作铝热剂,与铬渣充分混合,用镁条点燃引发自蔓延反应,最终得到铬渣固化体。实验结果表明:高温自蔓延技术能有效固化铬渣,铬渣的掺渣率高达44.94%。浸出实验结果表明:A组(铬渣原样)铬渣固化体总铬浸出浓度未检出;B组(铬渣原样+重铬酸钾)铬渣固化体总铬浸出浓度为0.117 76 mg/L,远远低于国标(GB 5085.3-2007)限值15 mg/L,六价铬浸出浓度未检出。XRD分析表明:铬渣还原解毒固化机制主要是六价铬在自蔓延反应中被还原为三价铬,再与其他金属化合物在高温熔融状态下生成含铬尖晶石,铬以离子键Cr—O的形式参与尖晶石的晶格形成。