Removal of fluoride from water using aluminium containing compounds

Batch adsorption studies were undertaken to assess the suitability of aluminium titanate (AT) and bismuth aluminate (BA) to remove fluoride ions from water. The e ect of pH, dose of adsorbent, contact time, initial concentration, co-ions and temperature on fluoride removal e ciency were studied. The amounts of fluoride ions adsorbed, at 30°C from 4 mg/L of fluoride ion solution, by AT and BA were 0.85 and 1.55 mg/g, respectively. The experimental data fitted well to the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters such as H0, S 0 and G0 indicated that the removal of fluoride ions by AT was exothermic and non-spontaneous while that by BA was endothermic and spontaneous. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and X-ray di raction (XRD) patterns of the adsorbent before and after adsorption indicated that fluoride ions were chemisorbed by these adsorbents.     

Simultaneous determination of ten taste and odor compounds in drinking water by solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Taste and odor （T＆O） problems in drinking water frequently occur because of many compounds present in the water, of which trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol （geosrnin） and 2-methylisoborneol （MIB） are well-known. In this study, a fast and effective method was established for simultaneous determination of 10 T＆O compounds, including geosmin, MIB, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole （TCA）, 2-methylbenzofuran, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine （IPMP）, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine （IBMP）, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal, trans, cis-2,6-nonadienal, and trans-2-decenal in water samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction （SPME） coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An orthogonal array experimental design was used to optimize the effects of SPME fiber, extraction temperature, stirring rate, NaC1 content, extraction time, and desorption time. The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 73 ng/L were lower than or close to the odor threshold concentrations （OTCs）. All the 10 T＆O compounds were detected in the 14 water samples including surface water, treatment process water and tap water, taken from a waterworks in Lianyungang City, China. MIB and geosmin were detected in most samples at low concentration. Six T＆O compounds （IPMP, IBMP, trans,cis-2,6-nonadienal, 2-methylbenzofuran, trans-2-decenal, and TCA） were effectively decreased in water treatment process （sedimentation and filtration） that is different from cis-3-hexenyl acetate, MIB and geosmin. It is noted that the TCA concentrations at 15.9-122.3 ng/L and the trans,cis-2,6-nonadienal concentrations at 79.9-190.1 ng/L were over 10 times higher than their OTCs in tap water. The variation of the analytes in the all water samples, especially distribution system indicated that distribution system cannot be ignored as a T＆O compounds source.     

用2,4-二硝基苯肼吸附管涂渍方法测定醛酮类化合物

通过实验确定用2,4-二硝基苯肼吸附管的涂渍方法测定醛酮类化合物;比较了C18柱、佛罗里硅藻土柱及硅胶柱对DNPH的涂渍效率和乙腈对醛酮腙的洗脱效率。结果表明：硅胶柱对DNPH涂渍效率及对醛酮腙的洗脱效率高,是制备2,4-二硝基苯肼吸附柱的最佳填充柱。     

大运河丰水期水体中全氟化合物的分布

应用固相萃取分离富集与高效液相色谱/电喷雾负电离源串联质谱法分析了2014年6月采自京杭大运河水体41个样品中17 种全氟化合物,对其污染现状及分布进行了讨论,并对污染来源进行了分析.大运河水体中的全氟化合物总浓度（∑PFCs）范围为7.4~153.5ng/L.PFCs含量有一个大致从南到北递减的趋势.大运河江南部分∑PFCs在杭州嘉兴河段处出现高值点.长江以北部分在德州地区出现高值点,南方大部分河段以PFOA为主导化合物,而在北方河段PFOA的主导性降低.对大运河沿途地区城镇化、经济水平与各地区大运河水体平均∑PFCs浓度的关系进行了比较,结果表明具有较高的相关性.     

雨季不同土地利用下表层岩溶泉中脂肪酸来源分析

为阐述南川表层岩溶泉中溶解性有机质的来源,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对采自南川柏树湾(BQ)、兰花沟(LQ)、后沟(HQ)表层岩溶泉水中的脂肪酸进行定量分析.结果表明,BQ、LQ和HQ中5~7月泉水脂肪酸平均含量分别为14 870、12 912和8 801 ng·L~(-1),脂肪酸组成均表现为饱和直链脂肪酸单不饱和脂肪酸支链脂肪酸多不饱和脂肪酸,在检测到的脂肪酸中,单体脂肪酸以C16:0、C18:0含量最高,BQ、LQ、HQ中5~7月脂肪酸总浓度随时间推移呈升高趋势.各泉域植被覆盖和基岩裸露率不同,以及降雨带来的稀释作用与土壤迁移增大效应相互作用引起脂肪酸含量和组分变化.通过分析3口表层岩溶泉水中的脂肪酸分布特征和特征参数H/L、CPIh、TARFA,及细菌源、浮游植物源、陆源高等植物源脂肪酸含量发现,兰花沟泉脂肪酸5月以高等植物源为主,7月后沟泉脂肪酸以藻类来源为主,其他月的兰花沟、后沟泉、柏树湾泉的5~7月脂肪酸主要来自于细菌.     

硝基苯化合物对枯草芽孢杆菌的毒性及构效分析

以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)为实验生物,测定了12种硝基苯化合物对其种群生长抑制的12 h IGC₅₀(50% inhibitory growth concentration)值.应用lgP,1xv,I,1Ka,σ-和E_LUMO 6种物理化学描述符进行构效关系分析,建立QSAR模式,并且预测了6个相似化合物的毒性.      

微电解法处理氯霉素硝基废水实验研究

在酸性条件下 ,用铸铁屑和焦碳对炉渣吸附出水进行了微电解实验 ,通过正交实验 ,考查了 p H值、铁炭比和停留时间等因素对实验的影响 ,确定了最佳工艺条件。根据微电解出水的性质和特点 ,采用电石渣和聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM)进行混凝沉降实验 ,并确定了最佳加药量。两级微电解和混凝实验的 CODcr去除率为 45 .9% ,硝基物的去除率为 92 .5 7%     

铬污染及其生态效应

阐述了环境中铬及其化合物的产生、存在形态和转化,对铬及其化合物的危害机理和生态效应进行探讨。     

中性含氮化合物的演化及地化意义

通过对生油岩样品中的中性氮系列化合物含量和组成变化的系统研究 ,指出了含氮化合物的热演化规律和形成机制 ,含氮化合物是沉积有机质成岩演化的产物 ,其含量和组成明显受控于有机质成熟度 ;认为 1- / 4-甲基咔唑、苯并 [a]咔唑 /苯并 [c]咔唑等比值可作为成熟度参数。     

黄河水体氨氮超标原因探讨

根据黄河水体氮污染物的种类、浓度和来源以及黄河特有的泥沙和水化学条件,结合实验结果,从生物和化学的角度讨论黄河氨氮超标的可能原因.结果表明,水体悬浮颗粒物对硝化过程有明显的促进作用,氨氮的超标不是因为泥沙对硝化作用的影响所导致.氮污染物的不断输入是黄河水体氨氮超标的根本原因,高浓度氨氮和有机氮对硝化过程有抑制作用,当NH⁺₄-N初始浓度分别为10.1,18.4,28.2 mg/L时,初始的硝化效率分别为17.4％,13.0％,2.5％,当有机氮初始浓度分别为5.5,8.6 mg/L时,其降解所产生的氨氮最高浓度分别为0.47,1.69 mg/L,在水体中滞留的时间分别为2 d和6 d.水体中耗氧有机物和有毒物质对硝化细菌活性的影响间接导致了氨氮在水体中的滞留.黄河水体高pH值导致非离子氨浓度较高,进一步对硝化细菌产生抑制作用.水量较小、颗粒物含量较低和微生物的活性降低是枯水期氨氮污染加重的原因.