基于改进多目标粒子群算法的航空器改航研究

针对影响航行安全的动态危险天气,提出了一种基于改进多目标粒子群算法的改航路径规划方法。首先,获取实时动态气象数据,利用栅格法对改航环境进行建模并采集危险天气区域初始边界点的历史气象数据。然后采用灰色预测模型对上述初始边界点坐标进行位置预测,进而建立改进后的实时动态环境模型。最后利用改进环境模型的多目标粒子群算法对改航路径进行动态规划。在考虑改航路径角度和距离等约束条件的基础上,确定了改航路径危险系数和距离最优的双目标函数。对中东部沿海某次短时危险天气下的航空器改航进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明改进后算法具有一定的有效性和可行性。     

考虑多目标的灾后伤员转运与应急医疗物资分配研究

自然灾害发生后，往往有大量的伤员需要救治，所以选择合适的地点建立临时医院并且为不同受伤程度的伤员制定转运计划，提高伤员的生存概率是灾后应急救援的关键。针对灾后伤员转运及应急医疗物资分配问题，综合考虑伤员转运车辆数量有限、应急医疗物资到达临时医院的时间对伤员生存概率的影响、灾区道路状况和临时医院容量限制等因素，构建了最大化伤员总生存概率和最大化车辆行驶道路安全性的灾后伤员转运和应急医疗物资分配双目标模型，设计多目标粒子群算法对模型进行求解。最后，通过案例分析和对关键参数进行敏感度分析，验证模型的有效性，得到相关结论可为灾后应急管理决策提供参考。研究结果表明，当应急医疗物资无法在伤员转运至临时医院之前到达时，综合考虑伤员转运与应急医疗物资分配，更能够增大伤员的生存概率。     

认识纳米及其带给我们的危害

1认识纳米 纳米是英文nanometer的译音,是一个物理学上的度量单位,1纳米是1米的十亿分之一;比一根人类头发细5万到10万倍.所谓纳米技术,是指在0.1至100纳米的尺度里,研究电子、原子和分子内的运动规律和特性的一项崭新技术.通俗讲就是一种用单个原子、分子制造物质的技术.     

威廉腔环蚓（Metaphire guillelmi）对~（14）C-土壤有机质转化的研究

土壤有机碳是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,而大型土壤动物对土壤碳库的稳定性起着重要的决定作用。利用14C示踪技术,以14C-葡萄糖制备微生物源的土壤有机质（Soil organic matter,SOM）,以蚯蚓威廉腔环蚓（Metaphire guillelmi）为代表,研究了14C-SOM在含有蚯蚓的两种土壤、不含蚯蚓的对照土壤和不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中的矿化、残留物在土壤和蚓粪中分布以及蚯蚓对14C-SOM的吸收。结果显示,15 d的培育期内蚯蚓显著加快了14C-SOM的矿化,在土壤中的矿化量是不含蚯蚓的对照土壤中矿化量的1.5～1.7倍,然而当移出蚯蚓后,残留14C-SOM在两种土壤中40 d内的矿化都比对照土壤中低。大约有4.2%～4.8%的14C-SOM被蚯蚓吸收利用。在有蚯蚓存在的土壤中,14C-SOM残留物在胡敏素中的含量有所增高,而在溶解有机物（DOM）中的含量显著降低。14C-SOM在不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中55 d内的矿化量和矿化动力学以及残留分布与在对照土壤中均没有显著区别。这些结果表明,蚯蚓对微生物源14C-SOM转化的影响主要是蚯蚓的肠道作用,这种作用可表现在两个方面,即初期对14C-SOM矿化的促进作用以及后期对14C-SOM残留物的稳定化作用。后续工作中应进一步研究蚯蚓对其它来源SOM降解和转化的作用,阐明蚯蚓对SOM稳定性的控制机理,对揭示全球碳循环规律具有重要的意义。     

不同草篱种植模式对土壤侵蚀的控制效应

选取我国南方红壤丘陵区5种等高草篱种植模式,结合径流小区法和稀土元素示踪技术,开展不同草篱控制坡地水土流失、减少地表径流的效应研究,分析等高草篱对坡面侵蚀空间分布的影响.结果发现,径流小区土壤流失量显著受降雨量影响,不同草篱种植模式下,各径流小区的平均土壤流失量和地表径流量较对照组(裸坡)均显著降低(P＜0.05),其中麦冬双行草篱处理平均土壤流失量和地表径流量最小,分别为4 047 g和1 554 L,对照组(裸坡)最大,分别为19 793 g和2 403 L;麦冬双行草篱在控制坡面土壤流失和径流方面效果最佳;通过平均土壤流失量和平均径流量的二次线性拟合模型发现,随着地表径流量的变化,不同处理下土壤流失量的边际值存在差异;坡面中、下部是侵蚀泥沙的主要溯源地,产生了接近总流失量85%的泥沙;草篱改变了降雨过程中坡面内部土壤因沉积作用导致的再分布,但对整个坡面土壤侵蚀的空间分布规律无明显影响.     

Influence of stabilizers on the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles introduced into natural water

Physical, chemical and biochemical properties of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) depend to a great extent on their size, shape, size distribution, and stabilizers located on their surface. This study focused on two typical stabilizers, namely citrates(cit), low molecular ions protecting nanoparticles by electrostatic repulsion, and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP), a hydrophilic, neutral, high molecular polymer protecting nanoparticles by steric stabilization. Natural bacterioplankton was collected from a eutrophic, downtown lake and exposed to five concentrations(0.1–5 mg/L) of AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit. Responses were monitored after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of exposure, by evaluating the survival rate of bacteria, their respiratory activity, and the general activity of extracellular esterases. A significantly better(greater) survival rate of bacterioplankton was observed in water with an addition of AgNPs-cit. The inhibition of extracellular esterases was observed only in samples containing AgNPs-PVP. The inhibitory effect increased proportionally to the concentration of AgNPs-PVP applied. Within the studied concentration range, there was no statistically significant inhibition of bacterioplankton respiratory activity by AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit.     

Identification of sources of lead in the atmosphere by chemical speciation using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy

Sources of Pb pollution in the local atmosphere together with Pb species, major ions, and heavy metal concentrations in a size-fractionated aerosol sample from Higashi-Hiroshima(Japan) have been determined by X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS/AES, respectively. About 80% of total Pb was concentrated in fine aerosol particles. Lead species in the coarse aerosol particles were PbC2O4, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2, and Pb(NO3)2, whereas Pb species in the fine aerosol particles were PbC2O4, PbSO4, and Pb(NO3)2. Chemical speciation and abundance data suggested that the source of Pb in the fine aerosol particles was different from that of the coarse ones. The dominant sources of Pb in the fine aerosol particles were judged to be fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator and heavy oil combustion. For the coarse aerosol particles, road dust was considered to be the main Pb source. In addition to Pb species, elemental concentrations in the aerosols were also determined. The results suggested that Pb species in size-fractionated aerosols can be used to identify the origin of aerosol particles in the atmosphere as an alternative to Pb isotope ratio measurement.     

Hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene under different oxidation conditions in the presence of sulfate seed aerosols

Smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene/NOx with different sulfate seed aerosols or oxidation conditions. Hygroscopicity of particles was measured by a tandem differential mobility analyzer （TDMA） in terms of hygroscopic growth factor （Gf）, with a relative humidity of 85%. With sulfate seed aerosols present, Gf of the aerosols decreased very fast before notable secondary organic aerosols （SOA） formation was observed, indicating a heterogeneous process between inorganic seeds and organic products might take place as soon as oxidation begins, rather than only happening after gas-aerosol partition of organic products starts. The final SOA-coated sulfate particles had similar or lower Gf than seed-free SOA. The hygroscopicity of the final particles was not dependent on the thickness but on the hygroscopicity properties of the SOA, which were influenced by the initial sulfate seed particles. In the two designed aging processes, Gf of the particles increased more significantly with introduction of OH radical than with ozone. However, the hygroscopicity of SOA was very low even after a long time of aging, implying that either SOA aging in the chamber was very slow or the Gf of SOA did not change significantly in aging. Using an aerosol composition speciation monitor （ACSM） and matrix factorization （PMF） method, two factors for the components of SOA were identified, but the correlation between SOA hygroscopicity and the proportion of the more highly oxidized factor could be either positive or negative depending on the speciation of seed aerosols present.     

基于GIS和PSO-SVM模型的文山州石漠化风险评估

针对喀斯特石漠化风险评估影响因素较复杂且涉及众多地理空间对象的特点,本文在采用GIS技术对空间数据进行管理分析的基础上,提出了基于粒子群优化的支持向量机(PSO-SVM)的石漠化风险评估模型,分析了基于GIS的石漠化风险评估指标体系的建立过程,详细探讨了主成分分析与支持向量机模型相结合进行石漠化风险评估的方法与实现过程,并以云南省文山州为研究实例,将其与单独SVM模型和PSO-BP模型风险评估结果进行了对比分析,结果表明PSO-SVM模型的石漠化风险评估精度较高,效果更好。     

基于SVM的含缺陷20钢弯管爆破压力预测

为快速、精确预测含局部减薄缺陷的弯管爆破压力,首先验证显式非线性有限元模型的模拟精确性,然后以168组不同缺陷尺寸下20钢弯管爆破压力的有限元模拟数据作为学习样本,建立含局部减薄缺陷20钢弯管爆破压力预测的支持向量机(SVM)模型;其次利用交叉验证(CV)、遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法(PSO)分别优化SVM模型;最后分析对比用于预测弯管爆破压力的3种优化SVM模型与ASME B31G-2009、DNV RP-F101、SHELL 92等3种通用规范的计算误差。结果表明：CV-SVM、GA-SVM、PSO-SVM等3种模型的预测误差均小于3种规范的计算误差,其最大相对误差分别为-2.33%、-3.4%和1.94%;说明SVM模型用于预测弯管爆破压力时操作简单、计算时间短、预测精度高、工程实用性好。