不同级数的ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器采样效果的比较

用不同级数的 FA- 型、FA- 型和由 FA- 型 6级简化为 2级型的 3种类型的 ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器 ,在室内外对空气微生物粒子浓度、粒子大小分布的采样效果进行了比较 ,同时对 FA- 型生物粒子采样器的性能进行了检测。结果表明 ,5台 FA- 型生物粒子采样器的第 1级、第 2级采集的空气微生物粒子数和所占粒数百分比均无明显差别 ;逃失率为 3.3%。FA- 型和 FA- 型采样器对空气微生物粒子浓度的采样效果也没有明显差别 ;由 FA- 型 6级简化为 2级型的采样器与 FA- 型采样器对空气微生物粒子浓度和粒子大小分布的采样效果有明显差别 ,FA- 型采样器不宜简化为 2级型采样器使用     

地球与环境2011年第39卷总目次

天津地表水中有机碳来源的同位素示踪研究……………………………王中良,李军,刘丛强,等（1）（1）中国部分城市铂族元素环境地球化学特征研究…………………………赵正,漆亮,黄小文,等（1）（9）喀斯特山体表层岩溶带水文地质特征分析——以陈旗小流域为例………………………………………………张志才,陈喜,程勤波,等（1）（19）...     

Silver nanoparticles tolerant bacteria from sewage environment

Silver nanoparticle (SNP) is a threat to soil, water and human health. Protection of environment from silver nanoparticles is a major concern. A sewage isolate, Bacillus pumilus treated with SNPs showed similar growth kinetics to that without nanoparticles. A reduction in the amount of exopolysaccharides was observed after SNPs – B. pumilus culture supernatant interaction. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) peaks for the exopolysaccharides extracted from the bacterial culture supernatant and the interacted SNPs were almost similar. The exopolysaccharide capping of the SNPs was confirmed by UV-Visible, FT-IR and X-ray di raction analysis. The study of bacterial exopolysaccharides capped SNPs with E. coli, S. aureus and M. luteus showed less toxicity compared to uncoated SNPs. Our studies suggested that the capping of nanoparticles by bacterially produced exopolysaccharides serve as the probable mechanism of tolerance.     

Particle concentration effect in adsorption/desorption of Zn（Ⅱ） on anatase type nano TiO2

Adsorption/desorption in a new Zn(II)-TiO2 adsorption system was investigated at different particle concentrations (Cp). TEM, SEM and XRD analyses revealed that the TiO2 particles were an aggregation of nano-sized (approximately 10 nm) pure anatase-type TiO2. Adsorption experiments were carried out with particle concentrations of 100, 400 and 1000 mg/L, and their adsorption isotherms were found to decline successively, showing an obvious Cp effect. Desorption experiments indicated that adsorption in this system was irreversible, and the irreversibility increased with increasing Cp. These phenomena could be explained by the MEA (metastable equilibrium adsorption) theory and the Cp effect could be modeled well with an MEA-Freundlich-type Cp effect isotherm equation. This study may help understand environmental behavior of contaminants on ultrafine natural particles.     

浅海中海水淡化高盐度尾液排放的试验研究

近年来由于淡水资源短缺和海水淡化处理成本的显著下降,海水淡化产业在全球范围内蓬勃发展。出于环境保护考虑,保证海水淡化后产生的高盐度尾液能够迅速与受纳海水掺混的排放口设计显得尤为重要。目前实践中广泛采用的型式是圆形倾斜淹没式排放,而之前的研究建议倾角设计与水平方向成60°为最佳。但伴随60°倾角的射流上升高度相对较高,可能不适用于排放入浅海海域。应用先进的粒子图像测速（PIV）和平面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）技术在实验室模拟较小角度（30°和45°）的排放,从而研究其掺混及稀释特性。通过实验数据整理得到相应的射流最大上升高度、碰撞点水平距离、碰撞点稀释度等属性,从而为浅海区的海水淡化高盐度尾液排放的工程设计以及相关规定的制定提供参考。     

玉龙雪山地区不同海拔高度降水中常量无机离子特征分析

运用海盐示踪法计算了云南省丽江市玉龙雪山2005-07-26～2006-07-31不同海拔高度降水中常量无机离子非海洋来源的比例,计算结果显示Cl^-、Na⁺海洋源比重较高,平均海洋源比重分别为74.79％、73.53％. NO^-₃、SO^2-₄、K⁺ 、Mg²⁺ 、Ca²⁺主要是非海洋源,平均非海洋源所占的比重依次为100％、93.54％、97.29％、81.77％、99.66％. 统计图显示阳离子浓度的变化远远大于阴离子,阳离子浓度区间为0.51～5.26 mg/L,阴离子浓度区间为0.99～4.90 mg/L,由此推断阳离子来源构成比较复杂. 分析表明陆源离子,尤其是近源陆源离子对该地区降水的无机离子构成和离子浓度影响较大,2400～2950 m人类活动导致阴离子浓度较高,2950～4800 m降水的离子浓度受局地环流的影响较大,玉龙雪山地区基岩以石灰岩为主是造成降水中阳离子,尤其是Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度较大的主要原因.     

Preparation of nanoparticles with an environment-friendly approach

Developing various approaches for preparing high performance materials has long been topics and tasks both for scientists and for engineers.Despite that many methods have been developed for preparing nanomaterials,developing simple and environment-friendly ways for preparing nanomaterials is very attractive.A simple approach of synthesizing Fe3O4 nanoparticles by arc-discharge submerging in water was reported.The results showed that by this method Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be synthesized in large scale.The as-prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit uniform spherical shape and their diameters varied with arc-discharging parameters.The experimental results showed that the size of the synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be controlled through adjusting the processing parameters.Since no vacuum system has been used,the synthesizing process is greatly simplified.In addition,only cheap deionized water and industrial iron bar are used and no pollution or harmful by-products are found in the synthesis process.It indicated that the present approach is a simple,low-cost and environment-friendly for preparing nanoparticles.     

Evaluation of the adsorption potential of titanium dioxide nanoparticles for arsenic removal

The adsorption potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles for removing arsenic from drinking water was evaluated. Pure and iron-doped TiO2 particles are synthesized via sol-gel method. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were then immobilized on ordinary sand for adsorption studies. Adsorption isotherms were conducted on the synthesized nanoparticles as well as the sand coated with TiO2 nanoparticles under varying conditions of air and light, namely, the air-sunlight (A-SL), air-light (AL), air-dark (AD) and nitrogen-dark (ND). X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the pure and the iron-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were in 100% anatase crystalline phase with crystal sizes of 108 and 65 nm, respectively.Adsorption of arsenic on the three adsorbents was non-linear that could be described by the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models. Iron doping enhanced the adsorption capacity of TiO2 nanoparticle by arresting its grain growth and making it visible light responsive resulting in a higher affinity for arsenic. Similarly, the arsenic removal by adsorption on the sand coated with TiO2 nanoparticles was the highest among the three types of sand used. In all cases, As(V) adsorbed more compared with As(III). Solution pH appeared to be the most important factor in controlling the amount of arsenic adsorbed.     

穗花狐尾藻对外源15N在水-沉积物界面迁移转化的影响

通过构建室内模拟系统,利用同位素示踪技术研究过量外源NO3-在微环境中的归趋及生长期的穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)在外源氮迁移转化中的作用.结果表明:在穗花狐尾藻组,反硝化作用、微生物固定、沉水植物吸收、异化硝酸盐还原成氨(DNRA)和转化为可溶性有机氮(DON)的去除作用分别占添加15N的47.54%、25.24%、12.76%、0.52%、1.21%;在对照组,反硝化作用、微生物固定、DNRA作用和转化为DON的去除作用分别占添加15N的32.74%、30.79%、0.54%、5.83%.在穗花狐尾藻组和对照组中约87.24%和69.90%的NO3-进行了转化.反硝化作用是去除两处理组中NO3-的主要方式,其次是微生物的固定作用,穗花狐尾藻的直接吸收也对NO3-的去除起到重要作用,DNRA作用和DON对NO3-的去除作用较小.穗花狐尾藻促进了反硝化作用,加快了NO3-在微环境中的迁移转化,直接或间接地促进了微环境对外源NO3-的去除.     

西安市两次雾霾期间气象要素和气溶胶特性分析

利用气象要素和气溶胶观测资料,分析了西安市2013年12月17~25日、2014年2月20~26日两次雾霾过程的气象要素风、温、湿变化,气溶胶质量浓度、粒子谱分布及散射系数的变化及其在雾霾天气的形成、发展、维持与变化中的作用.结果表明:APS观测的粒子谱变化表明,雾霾过程中,粒径在0.5~0.835μm之间的粒子的数浓度增加最明显,雾霾后,3.5μm粒子的数浓度下降显著;SMPS观测的粒子谱变化表明,霾过程中细粒子的数浓度主要集中在30~300nm,且具有明显的日变化特征,08:00~14:00、18:00~02:00为数浓度的大值时段,细粒子段污染物浓度的增加主要是由粒径大于140nm以上的粒子引起的.散射系数的增加与粒径小于1.0mm粒子的数浓度增加有关,也是雾霾期间能见度恶化的重要原因之一.