危险废物填埋场营运前初期地下水质评价

对某刚投入运营的危险废物填埋场的地下水和渗滤液进行采样分析,选取14个污染指标作为评价因子,以《地下水质量标准》中推荐的方法和改进综合评价法对水质进行评价,并分析了水质成因。结果表明,研究区地下水氨氮超标,主要受临近鱼塘和养猪场的排泄物影响。渗滤液挥发酚超标,与初期填埋废物成分相关。地下水样中氨氮浓度高于渗滤液,说明填埋场投入前初期附近地下水补充源氨氮指标贡献值高于渗滤液入渗。14项评价因子监测数据表明,渗滤液对填埋场地下水收集系统水质量的影响不明显,总体水质较好。由于改进综合评价法同时考虑了污染最大值和最大与次大权重单项因子,其得出的地下水质评价结果能更客观地反映评价区地下水的实际质量状况。     

高空气象和地形数据对ADMS模型预测结果的影响

以某钢铁厂烧结单元SO2评价因子为例,对比分析ADMS模型在高空气象、地形数据等不同取值条件下的预测结果。结果表明:高空气象数据和地形数据对区域网格点最大预测值均有一定影响,复杂地形对预测结果的影响很大,且影响大于高空气象的影响;高空气象数据和地形数据对敏感点预测结果均有一定影响,但变化规律不明显,敏感点预测值有增加和降低两种趋势。     

Biostability in distribution systems in one city in southern China：Characteristics, modeling and control strategy

This study investigated the bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems receiving finished water from an advanced drinking water treatment plant in one city in southem China. Thirteen nodes in two water supply zones with different aged pipelines were selected to monitor water temperature, dissolved oxygen （DO）, chloramine residual, assimilable organic carbon （AOC）, and heterotrophic plate counts （HPC）. Regression and principal component analyses indicated that HPC had a strong correlation with chloramine residual. Based on Chick-Watson＇s Law and the Monod equation, biostability curves under different conditions were developed to achieve the goal of HPC 100 CFU/mL. The biostability curves could interpret the scenario under various AOC concentrations and predict the required chloramine residual concentration under the condition of high AOC level. The simulation was also carded out to predict the scenario with a stricter HPC goal （≤50 CFU/mL） and determine the required chloramine residual. The biological regrowth control strategy was assessed using biostability curve analysis. The results indicated that maintaining high chloramine residual concentration was the most practical way to achieve the goal of HPC ≤ 100 CFU/mL. Biostability curves could be a very useful tool for biostability control in distribution systems. This work could provide some new insights towards biostability control in real distribution systems.     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

探讨适用于河流沉积物重金属污染程度的评价方法

本文使用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法两种方法对同一区域五条河流的沉积物中重金属的测定结果进行了评价和比较,提出了将河流沉积物中重金属的监测纳入我国地表水常规监测的意见和建议.     

京津冀及周边地区低碳经济发展水平评价

随着应对全球气候变化进程的不断推进,“低碳经济”已逐渐成为世界各国实现经济社会可持续发展的必由之路.京津冀及周边地区社会经济发展较不平衡,整体推进低碳经济发展存在较大的困难,为有效促进低碳经济发展的策略选择,本文通过构建低碳经济发展水平评价指标体系,对京津冀及周边地区的低碳经济发展状况进行评价.结果显示,京津冀及周边地区低碳经济发展水平差异较大：北京低碳经济水平相对较高,其他地区距离低碳经济发展水平尚有较大差距.由此,京津冀及周边地区应根据地区经济发展特点及其低碳经济发展状况,采取不同的低碳发展策略选择,以有效推进低碳经济发展模式的顺利转型.     

灰色关联分析的季节性污水处理能耗评价研究

辽宁某污水处理厂采用A/O工艺处理生活污水,工艺运行中能源消耗较大,节能降耗是企业降低污水处理成本的重要环节。通过对该厂监测数据研究发现污水处理能源消耗与季节性因素关系密切。为制定合理的节能工艺运行策略,需要对该厂污水处理能耗状况进行季节性评价研究。文中在综合考虑污水处理能耗与环境因素、工艺运行参数和污水处理效果关系的基础上,选取与污水处理过程密切相关的16个季节性指标,利用各指标四季监测数据波动范围将其划分为3个等级标准,并运用灰色关联分析方法进行四季综合能耗等级评价分析。分析结果表明,目前污水处理厂的工艺运行设置状态更适合于夏季运行,春季和秋季运行状况较为合理,而冬季运行能源浪费较大,应调整运行参数设置,在尾水达标的前提下实现降低能耗的目标。     

印染前处理节能减排评价模型的建立及应用

针对目前印染前处理工艺,依据评价指标的原则,采用层次分析法从资源指标、环境指标、生产指标及经济指标4个方面建立了印染前处理工艺节能减排综合评价指标体系;提出了基于AHP-Fuzzy方法上的前处理工艺节能减排效果综合评价模型。最后,将该模型应用到印染前处理新工艺中,根据对新工艺相关节能减排指标的监测、核算以及调查,依照隶属函数值计算方法,得到其模糊评价矩阵及其向量,其结果表明,新工艺的节能减排综合评价等级为"优",节能减排效果很好。     

黄石市典型农业土壤中重金属污染水平及评价

以黄石市阳新县某大型农场作为研究区,于2012年2月采集8个代表性表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,采用火焰-原子吸收分光光度法分析了各重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Co)的总量及BCR连续提取法提取土壤中重金属的弱酸态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态含量。结果显示,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn和Co总量的平均值分别为122.10、141.29、335.53、2.18、2 606.58和128.27 mg/kg,其中Cd超过了土壤环境三级标准限值,Mn具有最强的变异系数,受到外来污染因素的影响最大。通过地积累指数法和潜在生态危害法表明,6种重金属累积程度由高到低依次为CdCoCuPbZnMn,且Cd、Mn为主要生态风险因子。同时由形态分析可知,Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Mn和Co的化学形态分布均以残渣态为主,说明该农场土壤中重金属元素比较稳定,不易迁移转化,对生物的毒性较小。     

一种基于电化学检测的新型水质综合评价方法

文章建立了一种准确、有效、适用于远程监控的新型水质综合指数(WQCI)评价方法。该方法是基于可采用电化学传感器测量的水质五参数指标:温度(T)、溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、电导率(K)、酸碱度(p H),结合数学统计K-star模型以《地表水环境质量标准》(GB-3838-2002)为参照标准,通过K-star模型的分类和运算得出未知水体水质类别。同时还对此水质综合指数(WQCI)评价方法进行了一系列的优化实验,并将检测结果与环保局发布数据做了比较分析,发现结果基本一致。与其它的水质综合评价方法相比,该方法能够实现检测参数所用仪器的一体化,便于现场和远程自动监控分析。若与网络技术结合起来,则可实现水质实时、在线监测。