电子拆解区家禽中溴代阻燃剂的污染特征

对某电子废物拆解区散养草鸡进行了12种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)的污染水平分析.结果显示,草鸡中PBDEs和DBDPE主要通过土壤途径摄入,各个组织中PBDEs均被检出,肾脏中PBDEs含量最高(2071 ng·g~(-1),以脂重计),肝脏中PBDEs平均含量(550ng·g~(-1),以脂重计)远高于肌肉组织(131 ng·g~(-1)(腿肉)和76 ng·g~(-1)(胸肉),以脂重计),DBDPE主要在肾脏和卵组织中检出.同时,本文对电子拆解区居民通过食用草鸡摄入溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果显示,尽管拆解区居民通过食用草鸡暴露PBDEs和DBDPE的风险处于可接受水平,但综合饮用水、大气呼吸和灰尘摄入等其他暴露途径,BFRs健康风险仍不容忽视.     

新型消毒副产物碘代乙酸急性暴露诱导斑马鱼肝脏氧化损伤的机理研究

具有较好水溶性的碘代乙酸是新型饮用水消毒副产物,其对水生生物的毒效应及机理备受关注.肝脏是鱼类发挥解毒作用的的主要组织,极易受化学污染物影响.本研究以模式水生动物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象,采用半静态换水法,研究了碘代乙酸急性暴露诱导鱼体解毒功能组织氧化损伤的毒效应机理.暴露96 h后,相对于对照组,不同剂量碘代乙酸(1μg·L-1、10μg·L-1和100μg·L-1)暴露导致斑马鱼肝脏组织活性氧和丙二醛含量明显增加;超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽S转移酶活性增强,而过氧化氢酶活性降低;肝脏解毒过程标志性基因CYP1A、CYP3A和GST在mRNA水平表达量不断增加;这些指标的变化都呈现明显的剂量-效应特征.上述研究表明,饮用水消毒过程形成的碘代乙酸对水生生物具有明显的氧化应激效应,鱼体肝脏组织解毒功能基因相对于其它指标更敏感,可作为生物标志物.此外,应当加强饮用水消毒工艺研究,减少碘代乙酸等消毒副产物的形成以降低其对水生生态系统的潜在危害.     

亚硫酸盐/紫外体系的还原脱卤效能

水合电子(e-aq)是已知活性最强的还原物种之一.基于SO_3~(2-)受紫外光激发活化会释放e-aq的性质,提出了SO_3~(2-)/UV高级还原体系,用于降解稳定污染物.以7种卤乙酸为目标物,从卤素取代种类、卤代程度、实际水质本底影响等角度,考察了该体系对毒性卤代有机物(HOCs)的降解及脱卤效能,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明:HOCs的降解至少有直接光解和e-aq还原两条途径.卤素取代种类与卤化程度决定了HOCs的直接光解特性,其速率随氯、溴、碘取代顺序及卤化程度的增加而加快.SO_3~(2-)/UV体系显著提高了HOCs的降解及脱卤效率;对于直接光解慢的HOCs,其降解与脱卤主要由e-aq还原引起.SO_3~(2-)/UV体系在两种地表水质本底下仍具有较高的脱卤效能.     

气相色谱法测定水中九种卤代乙酸类化合物研究

建立了液-液萃取气相色谱-双柱-双检测器法测定水中九种卤代乙酸类化合物的检测方法.40 ml水样经4 ml甲基叔丁基醚两次萃取,萃取液经10%硫酸-甲醇50℃衍生后,用气相色谱电子捕获检测器检测.方法检出限为0.6~1.0μg/L,加标回收率75.9%~111%,6次测定的相对标准偏差≤16%.两次萃取显著提高了一氯乙酸和一溴乙酸的回收率,双柱-双检测器有效排除实际样品中假阳性结果,检测结果更准确可靠.     

中国环境管理干部学院隆重举行第二届曲格平奖学金颁奖仪式暨曲格平先生学术报告会

2005年12月8日下午14时28分，我院隆重举行第二届曲格平奖学金颁奖仪式暨曲格平先生学术报告会。大会由学院常务副院长宫学栋主持，中华环保基金会理事长、中国环境管理干部学院名誉院长兼终身教授曲格平、秦皇岛市政协副主席范怀良、国家环境保护总局北戴河技术交流中心主任龙任钦、秦皇岛市环保局局长刘建军、     

Chelation of heavy metals by potassium butyl dithiophosphate

Potassium butyl dithiophosphate (PBD) was developed and introduced as a new chelating agent for heavy metal removal. The synthesized PBD were characterized by IR and NMR. The e ects of pH, chelating agent dosage, and other heavy metal ions on the performance of PBD in Cd2+ removal from water are investigated. Experimental results showed that the chelating agent could be used to treat acidic heavy metal wastewater. The Cd2+ removal was not a ected by solution pH value within the range of 2 to 6. The Cd2+ removal rate could reach over 99%. Therefore, the deficiency of the precipitation process using hydroxide under alkaline condition can be overcome.Without the need for pH adjustment, the method could save on costs. If Cd2+ co-exists with Pb2+ and Cu2+, the a nity of the chelating agent with these three heavy metal ions was in the order of: Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Cd2+. Through PBD chelating precipitation, all the contents of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ in wastewater met the standard levels through a one-step treatment. The one-step treatment process was superior to the process (sectional treatment is required) of precipitation with hydroxide. When the pH was between 3 and 11, the amount of leached chelated Cd2+ was much lower than that obtained by precipitation with hydroxide. Therefore, the risk of environmental pollution could be further reduced.     

吹扫捕集-GC/MS法检测饮用水中十三种常见挥发性有机物

建立了吹扫捕集-GC/MS法检测饮用水中十三种常见挥发性有机物的方法。最低检出限在0.041~1.08μg/L之间,加标回收率在80%~120%,具有较高的灵敏度和较广的分析范围。该分析方法准确、快速,能实现一针进样同时检测13种物质,缩短了分析周期,并应用该方法对城市水样进行了实测分析。     

Bioaccumulation of hexachlorobenzene in Eisenia foetida at di erent aging stages

The impacts of contact time on the extractability, the availability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in di erent soils (paddy soil, red soil, and fluvo-aquic soil) and bioaccumulation in earthworm Eisenia foetida were investigated under controlled conditions in laboratory. Results indicated that the aging rate of HCB displaying a biphasic character in di erent soils: a rapid aging in the first 60 d followed by a slow aging in the next 120 d incubation time. Moreover, most of extractable HCB (about 90%) decline occurred in the first 60 d after HCB was spiked into the soils. The aging rate of HCB in the paddy soil was higher than that in the fluvo-aquic soil or the red soil. The amount of HCB accumulated in the earthworms and its accumulative ability, expressed as a bioaccumulation factor (BAF), declined as the aging time increased from 1 to 180 d. Although the extractable HCB decreased with increasing residence time in soil, much of HCB could still be accumulated by earthworms (457.6–984.3 ng/g) through bioaccumulation, which poses a potential risk to soil ecological safety.     

关于第二次全国污染源普查的回溯分析与优化

第二次全国污染源普查于2020年6月发布普查公报,历时3年的国情摸底调查宣布结束.聚焦数据收集和结果应用情况,及时凝练此次普查过程中的实践方法,尤其是挖掘和总结358万多家单位和个体经营户在参与普查数据填报中出现的共性问题,对于完善和利用普查成果、评价应用成效具有十分重要的意义.围绕普查最重要的入户调查任务,该文分析了与之密切相关的前期筹备、数据审核、产排污核算时期的靶向目标与具体应用,回溯基层普查机构的现场开展实况,找出各阶段影响普查数据准确性、有效性的突出问题,如数据来源单一、数据采集方式落后、缺乏审核技术应用等.针对入户调查阶段,分别对按普查对象地区分布拉网式入户、按类型及规模分步入户以及按地域分布为主、类型为辅规划入户这3种普查形式进行逐一分析发现,拉网式较适用于普查对象分布均匀、各小区资源配置均衡的区域,分布式受时间等成本因素制约,综合式要求普查机构入户便进行精良组织与规划.通过案例分析和文献调研进行现状分析,并据此提出对应的优化方法,包括普查报表中简易指标填报与审核同步化、运用信息化手段前置数据逻辑校验、整合相关资源优化调查流程等应用手段或分析策略.