黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶学特性

采用DNS法研究了我国广泛分布的一种低等木食性白蚁——黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶活特性以了解其纤维素降解机制.结果表明,内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)这3种酶的最佳反应时间均为15 min,最佳底物浓度为1%,最适反应pH为5.6,最适反应温度为35℃.在最适反应条件下,EG、CBH和BG的活性分别达到71.3(±13.9)U/mg、5.8(±0.8)U/mg和4.1(±0.7)U/mg.EG在体外的热稳定性较差,在50℃及更高温度酶活很低或完全失活,但该酶对pH稳定性较好,在pH 3.2～8.0范围内酶活力变化不大.Native-PAGE电泳检测到该白蚁体内至少有8种不同的EG活性条带,肠道不同部位纤维素酶活性条带种类不同.这些研究表明,木食性白蚁降解纤维素是一个复杂的过程,需要多种纤维素酶的共同作用.     

国家甘蔗第七轮区域试验品种的丰产性及稳定性

应用AMMI模型对参加国家甘蔗第七轮区域试验的11个甘蔗品种的蔗产量和糖产量进行丰产性及稳定性分析,以期为品种的合理布局和推广应用提供依据.结果表明,参试品种蔗茎产量、公顷含糖量存在品种间、年份间和地点间的显著差异,品种、年份与地点的互作效应差异显著;参试品种中MT96-1027、YT03-393、C1-2003、YZ03-194、YT03-373、FN04-3504的蔗茎产量和公顷含糖量比对照ROC16显著增产.FN04-3504、YZ03-194两个品种的蔗茎产量稳定性好;YT03-393、YT03-373两个品种的平均蔗茎产量高,但产量表现不够稳定;上述4个品种可根据生产需要选择,并进行合理布局在适宜地区推广应用.     

Research progress on hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and lignocellulosic waste

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic waste has attracted considerable attention because of its feasi- bility and the generation of valuable products. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment and hydrolysis are key processes for lignocellulose conversion. Hydrothermal process is a promising technique because of its efficiency to break down the lignocellulosic structures and produce fermentable hexoses. Most studies in this field have therefore focused on understanding these processes or optimizing the parameters, but commonly reported low yields of fermentable hexoses. The inability to produce high yields of fermentable hexoses is mainly attributed to inadequate information on the conversion mechanisms of lignocellulose, particularly the reaction rules of dissolu- tion, which is a limiting step in the entire conversion process. This paper critically reviewed the progress done in the research and development of the hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Principles, processes, and related studies on separate dissolution and asynchronous hydrolysis of lignin, hemieellulose, and cellulose are presented. Potential research prospects are also suggested.     

糖的阴离子交换色谱法分离和脉冲安培检测

糖是一种弱酸(pKa=12-14).在强碱性溶液中.当其pH值大于糖的pKa值时,糖会部分或全部离解,以阴离子形式存在于溶液中,因此可以使用NaOH作为淋洗液,进行阴离子交换分离.糖是电化学活泼化合物.其分子中的醛基易被氧化;贵金属(例如:金)电极表面对糖的氧化提供了一个很好的通道.基于上述两点.美国DIONEX公司发展了一个全新的分析糖的色谱法——选择性好且灵敏度高.近年来.DIONEX公司推出的阴离子交换分离和脉冲安培检测在糖分析领域中已取得了令人瞩目的进展.     

南瓜营养价值高秋季可多吃

天气渐凉,有关专家建议广大市民,秋季多吃南瓜有益于身体健康. 据有关专家介绍,南瓜的营养价值很高,主要是食部的含水量较低,干物质含量提高,非还原糖和淀粉含量高,淀粉与全糖比率大于1,蛋白质高,纤维较少,维生素A、C含量高,是很好的保健食品.南瓜含有糖、蛋白质、纤维素、维生素C、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2以及钙、钾、磷等矿物盐等多种营养成分.     

发展生物柴油是大势所趋

荷兰壳牌石油公司与美国绿色能源系统公司近日宣称,合作建设的全球首家生物柴汽示范工厂今年已开始投产。预计每年将以植物糖为原料生产38万升生物柴油。这一示范工厂位于美国的威斯康星州,主要利用美国绿色能源系统公司的一项特殊技术,将植物糖转化为烃类分子生成生物柴油。     

盐胁迫对无瓣海桑幼苗根茎叶膜保护系统的影响

通过对无瓣海桑用不同盐度的水3个月的处理,发现无瓣海桑根、茎、叶中蛋白质含量与可溶性总糖含量随盐度的变化而变化.当盐度高于10时,无瓣海桑茎、叶的膜脂质过氧化破坏显著加强.植物体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性也明显增加,两者具有很好的相关性(R2=0.914).随着盐度的升高,无瓣海桑各器官过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性都增强.根据试验结果,无瓣海桑能够在高盐度(50)下存活3个月.在盐度为0-10时,Sa在生理生态上表现对盐环境的适应性.当盐度高于20时,无瓣海桑的生理表现较为敏感,膜脂质氧化破坏严重.     

Chitosan and chemically modified chitosan beads for acid dyes sorption

The capabilities of chitosan and chitosan-EGDE (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether) beads for removing Acid Red 37 (AR 37) and Acid Blue 25 (AB 25) from aqueous solution were examined. Chitosan beads were cross-linked with EGDE to enhance its chemical resistance and mechanical strength. Experiments were performed as a function of pH, agitation period and concentration of AR 37 and AB 25. It was shown that the adsorption capacities of chitosan were comparatively higher than chitosan-EGDE for both acid dyes. This is mainly because cross-linking using EGDE reduces the major adsorption sites -NH3+ on chitosan. Langmuir isotherm model showed best conformity compared to Freundlich and BET. The kinetic experimental data agreed very well to the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The desorption study revealed that after three cycles of adsorption and desorption by NaOH and HCl, both adsorbents retained their promising adsorption abilities. FT-IR analysis proved that the adsorption of acid dyes onto chitosan-based adsorbents was a physical adsorption. Results also showed that chitosan and chitosan-EGDE beads were favourable adsorbers and could be employed as low-cost alternatives for the removal of acid dyes in wastewater treatment.     

二次纤维稀酸水解糖化的研究

研究了稀酸作用下二次纤维的水解糖化,探讨了水解各因素温度、H2SO4浓度、时间、液固比以及不同酸、催化剂对水解效果的影响。实验结果表明,在H2SO4作用下最佳工艺为:H2SO4质量分数4%,水解温度190℃,水解时间40min,液固比15(mL/g);还原糖得率为33.26%,水解率为56.83%。不同稀酸对OCC的水解,HCl比H2 SO4、H3 PO4、HNO3具有明显的优势;催化剂FeSO4与CuSO4对还原糖得率有显著的促进作用,还原糖得率分别提高了39.66%与22.03%,而Al2(SO4)3对OCC水解没有促进作用。最后,对不同水解时间后的OCC残渣的红外结晶指数以及基团结构变化进行了分析,分析结果与实验结果相一致。     

气态氨对吊兰生长的毒理学影响

探讨气态氨染毒对吊兰生长的毒性作用,将生长状况相似的吊兰置于氨浓度为0.1mg/m^3、0.2mg/m^3、0.3mg/m^3、0.4mg/m^3的密闭容器中,以空气作为对照,测定叶片的叶绿素含量变化、叶绿素a/b比值变化、丙二醛含量变化、可溶性糖含量变化、脯氨酸含量变化以及叶片对有毒气体的形态学反应。结果表明,经处理的吊兰叶片外观损伤明显,叶绿素含量随气体浓度的增加而减小,叶绿素a/b比值减小,丙二醛和可溶性糖含量随气体浓度的升高而升高,脯氨酸含量随着气体浓度的增加而积累,气态氨对吊兰的毒理学影响明显。