我国酸雨污染现状及其防治措施初探

20世纪80年代以来,随着中国经济快速发展,煤炭、石油等化石燃料消耗迅速增长,相应向大气环境排放的酸性物质大幅增加,中国长江以南成为继欧洲和北关之后的世界第三大酸雨区。通过调查,发现我国酸雨面积和程度呈现继续扩大的趋势。最后,结合我国典型的硫酸型酸雨特征,提出了可行的防治酸雨的具体对策。     

环讯瞭望

北京 环保部发布指导意见 培育引导环保社会组织发展 从环境保护部获悉：为促进环保社会组织健康、有序发展,努力构建全民参与环保的社会行动体系,环境保护部近日出台《关于培育引导环保社会组织有序发展的指导意见》,明确了培育引导环保社会组织的基本原则和总体目标。     

基于物联网技术的滑坡监测数据自动采集系统研究∗

针对传统滑坡监测数据采集系统布线困难、自动化程度低、成本高等问题,设计了一种基于物联网技术的滑坡监测数据自动采集系统。该系统以 ZigBee 无线传感器网络、无线通信技术为核心,通过布置在滑坡体上的传感器节点采集数据。利用 ZigBee 协议和互联网将数据实时传输到监控中心,使相关工作人员及时掌握滑坡体信息。 以三峡库区八字门滑坡为例,分析了该滑坡当前监测手段的不足,建立了八字门滑坡的物联网监测系统,分别对系统的硬件组成和软件程序进行设计。针对节点能量供应和数据远程传输问题,提出将太阳能供电系统和北斗短报文模块应用到数据采集系统来弥补野外条件的不足。结合八字门滑坡的地形地质条件,优化了滑坡测点的布置方案,并开发了数据采集界面以实现监测数据的自动采集和直观显示。     

海岸带表层沉积物中磷的地球化学特征

通过连续提取法对莱州湾主要入海河流及近岸海域表层沉积物中5种形态磷进行了定量分析.结果表明,近海沉积物自生钙结合磷含量(45.6%)高于河流(37.3%),而铁结合磷(Fe-P)含量(18.2%)却低于河流(31.3%).在近海,可交换或弱结合磷含量和粉砂比例呈正相关,表明该形态磷主要吸附于细粒粉砂.河流沉积物Fe-P与Fe浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),表明河流沉积物Fe-P分布受沉积物活性铁含量的控制.河口处Fe-P普遍低于相应河流,这可能与海相泥沙输入及河口厌氧区硫酸盐还原或硫化物累积有关.近海沉积物总可提取态磷平均浓度总体呈现出由海洋向河口方向递减的趋势.     

我国已建立大气污染联防联控技术示范区

正科技部社会发展科技司司长马燕合2014年3月3日表示,我国已在珠江三角洲建立了大气污染联防联控技术示范区,组建了覆盖区域的大气环境质量监测预警网络,形成了区域空气质量管理体系等运行机制.马燕合表示,该示范区是继美国加州和欧洲之后,全球第3个类似的大气污染联防联控技术示范区.可实现对珠     

Molecular characterization and developmental expression patterns of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and their responsiveness to TR agonist and antagonist in Rana nigromaculata

Considering some advantages of Rana nigromaculata as an experimental species, we propose that this species, like Xenopus laevis, could be used to assay thyroid hormone（TH） signaling disrupting actions. To validate the utilizability of R. nigromaculata, we investigated the responsiveness of R. nigromaculata to a TH receptor（TR） agonist（T3） and antagonist（amiodarone） by analyzing expression, based on characterizing TR cDNA and developmental expression patterns. With high levels of identity with the corresponding genes in X. laevis, both TRα and TRβ in R. nigromaculata exhibited roughly similar developmental expression patterns to those of X. laevis, in spite of some species-specific differences. Both TRα and TRβ expression had greater changes in the liver and intestine than in the tail and brain during metamorphosis. T3 exposure for 2 days induced more dramatic increases of TRβ expression in stage 27 than in stage34 tadpoles but not in stage 42 tadpoles, showing that the responsiveness of R. nigromaculata to TH decreased with development and disappeared at the onset of metamorphic climax.Corresponding to greater changes of TRβ expression in the liver and intestine than in the tail and brain during metamorphosis, the liver and intestine had higher responsiveness to exogenous T3 than the tail and brain. Amiodarone inhibited T3-induced TRβ expression. Our results show that R. nigromaculata can be used as a model species for assaying TH signaling disrupting actions by analyzing TRβ expression, and intestine tissues at stage 27 are ideal test materials due to high responsiveness and easy accessibility.     

Fast increasing of surface ozone concentrations in Pearl River Delta characterized by a regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2011

Based on the observation by a Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network including 16 monitoring stations, temporal and spatial variations of ozone(O3), NO2and total oxidant(Ox) were analyzed by both linear regression and cluster analysis. A fast increase of regional O3concentrations of 0.86 ppbV/yr was found for the annual averaged values from 2006 to 2011 in Guangdong, China. Such fast O3increase is accompanied by a correspondingly fast NOx reduction as indicated by a fast NO2 reduction rate of 0.61 ppbV/yr. Based on a cluster analysis, the monitoring stations were classified into two major categories – rural stations(non-urban) and suburban/urban stations. The O3concentrations at rural stations were relatively conserved while those at suburban/urban stations showed a fast increase rate of 2.0 ppbV/yr accompanied by a NO2 reduction rate of 1.2 ppbV/yr. Moreover, a rapid increase of the averaged O3 concentrations in springtime(13%/yr referred to 2006 level) was observed, which may result from the increase of solar duration, reduction of precipitation in Guangdong and transport from Eastern Central China. Application of smog production algorithm showed that the photochemical O3production is mainly volatile organic compounds(VOC)-controlled. However, the photochemical O3production is sensitive to both NOx and VOC for O3pollution episode. Accordingly, it is expected that a combined NOx and VOC reduction will be helpful for the reduction of the O3 pollution episodes in Pearl River Delta while stringent VOC emission control is in general required for the regional O3 pollution control.     

污染影响了健康,证据呢？

@大林崔：风险管理,重点是特征污染物。当前环境与健康风险不断加大,环保问题很容易发展为社会问题甚至政治问题,必须通过风险管理,从特征污染物的产生、排放、暴露控制等方面降低其致害风险。@文迪姐姐：制定环境与健康基准,只要有10年以上的数据积累,就完全可以实现。这甚至可以成为地方执政者的绩效考核标准。@绿色水滴2013：近年来,我国突发环境事件持续上升,环境风险比较突出,迫切需要开展环境基准和风险评估研究。@污染的健康很寂静：健康风险管理,核心是风险管理,重点是健康风险评估,要不然又是白忙活。     

德州市大气细粒子中碳组分的污染特征研究

2012年2-9月间在德州市城区及郊区布置6个采样点位,分别采集了采暖季(2012年2月28日-3月4日)、风沙季(2012年5月3日-8日)、非采暖季(2012年9月20日-9月25日)共216个PM2.5样品膜,采用美国Sunset Laboratory Inc热光反射法碳谱分析仪测定了PM2.5样品中OC、EC的浓度值,应用OC/EC比值法对SOC进行了估算。结果表明,德州市PM2.5污染较严重,年平均浓度为159.68μg/m3,各点位浓度的空间分布无明显差异,季节变化趋势为:采暖季>风沙季>非采暖季。PM2.5中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为16.80μg/m3、3.65μg/m3;OC和EC的日均浓度分别占PM2.5的9.61%和2.10%,OC是PM2.5的重要组成部分;OC、EC浓度的季节变化趋势与PM2.5浓度特征相同。年平均浓度为3.91μg/m3;SOC在OC和PM2.5中所占的比例分别为22.30%和2.54%,SOC对OC具有较大的贡献;SOC在OC中所占的比值季节变化趋势为风沙季>非采暖季>采暖季。     

基于HJ-1 CCD数据的海冰时空特征分析——以渤海辽东湾为例

基于环境减灾卫星(HJ-1)CCD数据,对比分析了CCD数据4个波段的不同地物波谱特征,构建了海冰遥感信息提取指数(SII),并将该指数作为一个特征参量与CCD数据的其他4个波段进行支持向量机分类,提取了2012/2013年海冰发展关键期的海冰时空变化信息,在此基础上,结合气象数据分析了2012/2013年冬季渤海辽东湾海冰灾害的时空分布特征。结果表明:海冰的冻结、融化、增长和减弱与冬季气候时空变化特征有密切关系;HJ-1CCD数据能有效提取海冰信息,是海冰监测的一种有效的数据源;基于SII指数的支持向量机遥感图像海冰分类方法对海冰的识别具有较高的精度,能够为海冰监测提供新的技术支撑。