Profile of Methane Concentrations in Soil and Atmosphere in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem on Tibetan Plateau

The methane concentration profile from -1.5m depth in soil to 32m height in air was measured in alpine steppe located in the permafrost area. Methane concentrations showed widely variations both in air and in soil during the study period. The mean concentrations in atmosphere were all higher than those in soil, and the highest methane concentration was found in air at the height of 16m with the lowest concentration occurring at the depth of 1.5m in soil. The variations of atmospheric methane concentrations did not show any clear pattern both temporally and spatially, although they exhibited a more steadystable state than those in soil. During the seasonal variations, the methane concentrations at different depths in soil were significantly correlated （R^2〉0.6） with each other comparing to the weak correlations （R^2〈0.2） between the atmospheric concentra- tions at different heights. Mean methane concentrations in soil significantly decreased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the decreasing production rates and the increasing methane oxidation rates, which was caused by the descent soil moisture with depth. Although the methane concentrations at all depths varied widely during the growing season, they showed very distinct temporal variations in the non-growing season. It was indicated from the literatures that methane oxidation rates were positively correlated with soil temperature. The higher methane concentrations in soil during the winter were determined by the lower methane oxidation rates with decreasing soil temperatures, whereas methane production rates had no reaction to the lower temperature. Relations between methane contribution and other environmental factors were not discussed in this paper for lacking of data, which impulse us to carry out further and more detailed studies in this unique area.     

工业污染的四大新危害

危害之一：损伤神经系统。英国科学家发现，西方神经系统疾病患者数量在过去20年中激增，这些脑病包括阿尔茨海默氏症、帕金森病及各种中枢神经疾病等。调查结果表明，男性的痴呆率上升了两倍。这些令人担忧的情况与环境中的杀虫剂、工业排放、生活废料、汽车废气及其它污染物浓度的升高有关。在20世纪70年代，英格兰和威尔士由于环境因素而导致的死亡人数约有3000人。但到20世纪90年代末，这一数据已上升到10000人。     

铝土尾矿杂质含量对刚玉-莫来石基复相材料使用性能的影响

以铝土矿尾矿为原料,采用酸浸除杂工艺,通过控制盐酸酸浸过程中的盐酸浓度与液固比,得到不同Fe₂O₃及K₂O含量的精矿,烧结合成了刚玉-莫来石基复相耐火材料。系统研究了不同的二元杂质组成对样条宏观形貌、微观形貌、物相组成、常温力学性能以及高温性能的影响,得到了最佳的盐酸浓度与浸出液固比。结果表明:当尾矿中Fe₂O₃及K₂O含量均<2.0%时,烧结样条的晶相含量及荷重软化温度较高;当杂质Fe₂O₃含量>2.0%且大幅增加时,烧结样条的非晶相含量迅速增加,烧结样条的高温性能下降但常温性能上升,控制烧结样条中的Fe₂O₃及K₂O的含量均<2%时,荷重软化温度保持在1400℃以上,达到市售NZ-45耐火砖的标准。     

低温干式接头密封失效泄漏扩散数值模拟

针对低温干式接头密封失效造成甲烷泄漏的情况,采用CFD软件FLACS对LNG气化后的泄漏扩散过程进行数值模拟,对甲烷扩散过程的浓度分布及云团扩散速度进行研究,并分析了泄漏过程中可燃气体云团量的变化情况。结果表明:LNG泄漏后迅速气化扩散,40 s后各监测浓度维持稳定;最远扩散距离约40 m,气体扩散总范围最长直径约70 m,扩散最高处大约1.5 m; 120 s内LNG泄漏量为30 kg,气化后天然气体积为42.3 m~3,可燃气体云团量为140 m~3;LNG泄漏吸收空气中的热量,在地面形成流动层,贴近地面浓度高,远离地面浓度低,随着高度上升气体的可燃爆炸危险区域逐步缩小。     

氧化镁脱硫循环经济实践

笔者所负责天津开发区5号热源厂二期脱硫工程工艺选择时,经过技术经济比较,镁法比钙法年脱硫费用可节省256万元^[3],最终该项目选定氧化镁湿法工艺。其设计脱硫效率高达96.38％。经环保部门检测,在进口烟气SO2浓度2200mg／m^3情况下,该脱硫系统净化后烟气最大SO2折算浓度35.5mg／m^3,平均脱硫效率高达98.6％^[4]。     

2种生态植草沟对路面径流净化效果的对比

将铝污泥生物填料与台阶型植草沟相结合,构建台阶型生态植草沟系统,现场比较台阶型生态植草沟和常规生态植草沟对路面径流的净化效果。结果表明:在2次降雨(大雨、中雨)事件中,台阶型生态植草沟径流量削减效果优于常规植草沟,径流总量削减率分别为63.04%和55.21%,峰值流量显著降低,峰值时间至少延迟24~30 min;台阶型生态植草沟具有较好的水质控制及污染负荷削减效果,对径流中SS、COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TN和TP浓度削减率分别可达79.54%、67.08%、34.75%、63.61%和78.36%,对总量削减率分别可达92.44%、87.83%、74.29%、84.45%和90.31%,出流水质均优于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水质标准。台阶型生态植草沟对路面径流可取得较好的水质控制及污染负荷削减效果,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

光氧催化技术应用于定型机有机废气处理研究

本文以某纺织染整厂为例,探索在原有处理系统基础上加装光氧催化技术处理定型机废气异味的效果.利用国标方法对传统定型机废气处理设施加装光氧催化前后进行跟踪监测,监测指标为非甲烷总烃、臭气浓度,监测结果显示加装光氧催化前后非甲烷总烃浓度分别下降68.7％和51.9％,臭气浓度下降52.3％和84.7％,"臭味"明显减轻.定型...     

反硝化除磷污泥聚集体内原位除磷活性及有机物浓度的影响

以SBR系统反硝化除磷污泥为对象,利用氧化还原电位、溶解氧和磷酸盐微电极定量研究了污泥聚集体内除磷菌的原位除磷活性及有机物浓度的影响.结果发现,厌氧初期污泥聚集体内最大净体积释磷速率为3.29 mg·(cm3? h)-1,是缺氧初期最大净体积吸磷速率的3倍左右;厌氧末期释磷速率明显降低,最大净体积释磷速率仅为厌氧初期的...     

土壤及铁锰结核中锰氧化菌的氧化特性分析

利用从土壤铁锰结核及其附近土壤中分离筛选得到的4株锰氧化菌,研究了不同pH、Mn(Ⅱ)初始浓度下菌株的锰氧化效率及生长情况,并用SEM-EDS及TEM对菌株WHS26、GY16形成的生物氧化锰及水羟锰矿进行了表征.结果表明,pH及Mn(Ⅱ)初始浓度对菌株的锰氧化效率均有影响,4株菌在pH 7~8、Mn(Ⅱ)初始浓度为10~20 mmol·L-1时,锰氧化效率最高;GY16、WHS26形成的生物氧化锰的形貌与化学合成的水羟锰矿存在明显差异,前者呈胶膜状附着在菌株表面,后者呈结晶态.该结果可为生物氧化锰应用于重金属污染修复提供技术支撑.     

高锰酸盐指数标准样浓度计算方法的选择

在计算ＣＯＤＭｎ标准考核样浓度时，不但要考虑到稀释水，而且要考虑到定容水消耗高锰酸钾量。为了计算方便可将Ｃ趋于１，化简计算公式进行计算。