细致观察 亲身体验 抒发情感——在生活中学习和培养写作能力

写作是学生知识、能力和思想的综合反映,学生写作能力的提高,需要他们的认识、情感、意志等因素起关键性的作用。那么,我们究竟应当选择什么样的教学方式,才能使习作课真正成为陶冶学生心灵的乐园,进而激励他们去展现自我、传递信息、交流情感、憧憬未来呢?笔者尝试让学生在细致观察、亲身体验中来学习和培养写作能力,抒发他们真实的情感。     

寻找作文的生活之源

学生不爱写作文或作文写不好,主要原因是缺少对生活的感悟。细心观察生活,感悟生活,挖掘生活,从生活中撷取朵朵浪花,可以解决学生作文无米下锅的难题,写出内容充实、生动活泼的好文章。     

小学中年级作文教学策略

从说话写话到习作,对刚迈入小学中年级的学生来说是一个过渡,更是一个飞跃。小学中年级习作教学要从实际出发,做好观察积累、活动体验、诵读感悟、习作指导和评价这几个方面,让小学中年级学生轻松快乐地习作。     

浅谈农村初中作文教学

针对农村初中生怕写作,作文水平差的现状,我从消除学生的畏难心理,激发写作兴趣;分类写好片段,写好类文;用好教材;注重阅读和背诵;训练学生的思维,养成观察的习惯等五个方面进行作文教学,以使学生的写作水平得到提高。     

学习汉语拼音,培养学生学习语文的能力

汉语拼音是帮助学生识字、学好普通话的有效工具,是学好语文的前提和基础。在教学汉语拼音的过程中,应结合实际,努力培养学生的观察能力、语言能力、识字能力和写字能力。     

小学高年级作文教学之我见

小学作文教学的难点在于如何指导。教师首先要指导学生观察认识生活,只有对生活留心观察,恰当地运用语言,才能使文章有血有肉;其次,要能借助范文,举一反三,引导学生把握范文的写作顺序和写作重点,要对重点展示的细节详加描写;再次,指导学生丰富阅读,积累素材,勤于练笔,坚持不懈,这样就会收到良好的教学效果。     

如何抓住“上帝之手”——从周记摘抄做起

中考时,学生在考场上作文取得高分,无异于抓住了上帝之手。平时写作训练的点滴积累尤为重要!     

观察他人课堂,成就专业发展

为了适应新课程改革的需要,教师应不断促进自身的教学专业发展。笔者认为,年轻教师体验他人课堂是获得教学智慧和发展教学专业的重要、快捷而有效的方法。本文从课堂观察的准备、体验、反思分析了课堂观察的具体方法。     

Effects of shear force on formation and properties of anoxic granular sludge in SBR

This paper reports the effects of shear force on anoxic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors （SBR）. The study was carried out in two SBRs （SBR1 and SBR2） in which sodium acetate （200mg COD·L^-1） was used as the sole substrate and sodium nitrate （40 mgNO3-N·L^-1） was employed as the electron acceptor. The preliminary objective of this study was to cultivate anoxic granules in the SBR in order to investigate the effects of shear force on the formation of anoxic granular sludge and to compare the properties of anoxic sludge in the SBR. This study reports new results for the values of average velocity gradient, a measure of the applied shear force, which was varied in the two SBRs （3.79 s^-1 and 9.76 s^-1 for SBR1 and SBR2 respectively）. The important findings of this research highlight the dual effects of shear force on anoxic granules. A low shear force can produce large anoxic granules with high activity and poor settling ability, whereas higher shear forces produce smaller granules with better settling ability and lower activity. The results of this study show that the anoxic granulation is closely related to the strength of the shear force. For high shear force, this research demonstrated that： 1） granules with smaller diameters, high density and good settling ability were formed in the reactor, and 2） granular sludge formed faster than it did in the low shear force reactor （41days versus 76 days）. Once a steady-state has been achieved, the nitrate and COD removal rates were found to be 98% and 80%, respectively. For low shear force, such as was applied in SBR1, this research demonstrated that： 1） the activity of anoxic granular sludge in low shear force was higher than that in high shear force, 2） higher amount of soluble microbial products （SMPs） were produced, and 3） large pores were observed inside the larger granules,which are beneficial for nitrogen gas diffusion. Electron microscopic examination of the anoxic granules in both reactors showed that the morphology of the granules was ellipsoidal with a clear outline. Coccus and rod-shaped bacteria were wrapped by filamentous bacteria on the surface of granule.     

采用参与观察法对某石油化工厂安全文化的研究

安全文化是高风险组织安全控制理论研究的热点问题,特指高风险组织成员共享的价值观与行为规范系统,尤其强调安全的重要性。为探讨该类组织成员的行为规范,笔者采用参与观察方法对某石油化工厂进行研究。持续观察103天,记录现场发生的行为及其背景,然后把观察记录制成行为卡片,通过3名专家对现场观察行为进行分类发现,组织成员主要遵循包括:安全承诺、对规则的看法、对人性的看法、关系取向和权力影响等5类行为规范。其中:安全承诺,尤其是管理对安全的承诺是高风险组织安全文化的关键因素;中国的传统文化,如情境取向、关系取向对员工的不安全行为具有重要影响。