酸和铝胁迫对锦鲤不同组织SOD活性的影响

该实验目的是研究酸(pH=5,Al=0μg/L)、铝(pH=7,Al=800μg/L)单独及联合(pH=5,Al=800μg/L)作用下,锦鲤鱼脑、肾、肝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的反应变化情况。结果表明,与对照组(pH=7,Al=0μg/L)相比,锦鲤鱼脑无论在酸、铝单独作用还是联合作用下,SOD活性在染毒第1天均显著降低(p<0.01),但随后酸铝联合组、单独作用组分别在3 d、9 d恢复正常;肾SOD则只有在酸铝联合作用下,且只有在染毒第1天产生显著抑制(p<0.01),随后也恢复正常;肝SOD则无论在何种情况下,均无抑制现象发生。     

干旱胁迫和复水对梨幼树生理特性的影响

为了解植物干旱生理适应机制和恢复机制,以梨品种‘翠冠’和‘黄冠’幼树为试材,研究土壤干旱胁迫及复水条件下叶片光合参数、叶片相对含水量、叶片质膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性及脯氨酸含量的变化特性.结果显示:1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,两品种的叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均呈下降趋势;‘翠冠’叶片胞间CO2浓度呈先降后升的趋势,而‘黄冠’呈持续下降趋势,但‘黄冠’光合作用的4项指标明显高于‘翠冠’;复水后,两品种的光合指标恢复显著,但均未超过对照水平.2)干旱胁迫引起两品种的叶片相对含水量急剧下降,叶片质膜透性和脯氨酸含量显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶活性呈先升后降趋势;复水后,两品种的4项指标不同程度地得以恢复,但大部分指标没有恢复到对照水平,其中‘黄冠’各项指标在复水前后的变化幅度比‘翠冠’更小.综合分析表明,‘翠冠’和‘黄冠’对干旱胁迫的响应存在差异,‘黄冠’对干旱逆境具有更强的适应能力.     

共培养条件下菖蒲和铜绿微囊藻之间的化感作用

采用共生培养方法研究菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)之间的化感作用.结果表明,初始密度为1.0×107ind mL-1的铜绿微囊藻与20 g L-1菖蒲共生培养时,菖蒲对铜绿微囊藻在一定程度上产生了化感抑制,但是铜绿微囊藻的生长作用占优势,d 20抑制率仅为16%.而在培养过程中,菖蒲叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,d20叶绿素a含量仅为对照组的27%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在d 12开始明显降低,d 20仅为对照组的46%;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现逐渐增加趋势,d 20为对照组的172%;而生物量仅为对照组的62%.研究表明高密度铜绿微囊藻可以诱导菖蒲产生氧化胁迫,引起细胞结构严重损伤,从而强烈抑制菖蒲的生长.     

Cadmium pollution enhanced ozone damage to winter wheat: biochemical and physiological evidences

Combined e ects of ozone (O3) and cadmium (Cd) on growth and physiology of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. JM22) were determined. Wheat plants were grown without or with Cd and exposed to charcoal-filtered air (< 10 ppb O3) or elevated O3 (80 5 ppb, 7 hr/day) for 20 days. Results showed that O3 considerably depressed light saturated net photosynthetic rate (–20%), stomatal conductance (–33%), chlorophyll content (–33%), and total biomass (–29%) without Cd. The corresponding decreases were further enhanced by 45%, 56%, 60% and 59%, respectively with Cd, indicating a synergistic e ect of O3 and Cd on wheat. Ozone significantly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (46%), catalase (48%) and peroxidase (56%). However, great increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) content (2.55 folds) and intercellular CO2 concentration (1.13 folds) were noted in O3+Cd treatment compared to control. Our findings demonstrated that the increased anti-oxidative activities in wheat plants exposed to O3+Cd might not be enough to overcome the adverse e ects of the combination of both pollutants as evidenced by further increase in MDA content, which is an important indicator of lipid peroxidation. Precise prediction model on O3 damages to crop should be conducted to ensure agricultural production security by considering environmental constraints in an agricultural system in peri-urban regions.     

稻田土壤细菌对重金属镉的氧化应激反应研究

研究重金属镉胁迫下稻田土壤大肠杆菌K12、枯草芽孢杆菌B19及Ralstonia eutropha DKC1中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和ATP酶活性等应激酶活性的短期(46 h)变化.结果表明,不同浓度镉对E.coli K12,B.subtilisB19和R.eutrophaDKC1培养不同时间的SOD、CAT和ATP酶活性均有不同程度的诱导作用,表现在前期、低浓度时激活,后期、高浓度时抑制,体现了不同微生物间的差异以及抗镉潜力的不同.3种指标间接地反映了环境中有毒有害物质的存在,且能在早期较灵敏地指示污染的影响,作为环境受到污染胁迫的细胞生化指标具有一定可行性.     

纳米二氧化钛对金鱼脑组织的氧化应激损伤

为探讨光催化型nano-TiO₂(纳米二氧化钛)对金鱼(Carassius auratus L.)脑组织的氧化应激损伤效应,以5 nm的锐钛型钛白粉为试验材料,分别在ρ(nano-TiO₂)为0、16、32、64、128 mg/L下对金鱼进行处理,测定金鱼脑组织MDA(丙二醛)、PC(羰基化蛋白)和H₂O₂含量,SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)和GPx(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)活性以及Cu/Zn-SOD蛋白表达量. 结果表明:ρ(nano-TiO₂)从0 mg/L升至128 mg/L,金鱼脑组织Cu/Zn-SOD活性从1.70×10-3 kat/kg(以鲜质量计,下同)降至0.35×10-3 kat/kg,再回升至0.46×10-3 kat/kg; Mn-SOD活性呈降—升—降趋势,MDA含量从0.85 nmol/g升至2.83 nmol/g,之后降至2.54 nmol/g;PC含量一直上升;H₂O₂含量从4.32 μmol/g升至9.28 μmol/g,之后降至8.38 μmol/g. 随着ρ(nano-TiO₂)的加大,Cu/Zn-SOD蛋白表达量逐渐减少. 研究表明,nano-TiO₂对金鱼脑组织具有很强的氧化损伤作用,MDA与PC含量升高与Cu/Zn-SOD和GPx活性下降相关,H₂O₂含量升高与GPx活性下降等因素有关.      

氯氰菊酯对海洋卡盾藻的毒性效应

为了解拟除虫菊酯农药对海洋生态系统以及海洋初级生产力的影响,研究了氯氰菊酯对重要赤潮藻类海洋卡盾藻(Chattonella marina)的生长及生化指标的影响.结果表明,低浓度(≤10μg·L-1)的氯氰菊酯对海洋卡盾藻生长具有明显的促进作用,而高于50μg·L-1则产生较明显的抑制效应,但暴露后期会出现一定的超补偿效应.藻细胞内叶绿素a(Chl.a)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在暴露初期变化较剧烈,24h或48h后趋于平稳.随着培养(暴露)时间的延长,低浓度暴露组以上指标均呈现先促进后恢复趋势,而高浓度暴露组则呈现先抑制后恢复趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量随培养(暴露)时间的延长呈先促进后恢复趋势且随氯氰菊酯浓度升高而明显升高.在实验设计浓度下,氯氰菊酯对SOD活性和MDA含量的最低作用剂量为10μg·L-1,而对其他生长和生化指标的最低抑制浓度为50μg·L-1,SOD和MDA可作为监测环境中氯氰菊酯污染的敏感指标.     

模拟N、P污水对水稻幼苗过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶的影响

以水稻为材料，研究了不同浓度的模拟Ｎ、Ｐ污水对幼苗过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ，ＥＣ１．１１．１．７）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯｏＤ，ＥＣ１．１５．１．１）及其同工酶等的影响，结果表明：在总氮浓度（Ｎｒ）为０─９０ｍｇ／Ｌ和总磷浓度（Ｐ＿Ｔ）为０─９ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＰＯＤ与Ｎ、Ｐ浓度呈正相关，Ｎ＿Ｔ超过９０ｍｇ／Ｌ和Ｐ＿Ｔ超过９ｍｇ／Ｌ这一阈值后呈下降趋势，ＮＴ在０─１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ和Ｐ＿Ｔ在０─１２ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＳＯＤ，丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）与Ｎ、Ｐ浓度呈显著正相关；Ｎ、Ｐ能诱导产生新的同工酶带，苗高、可溶性蛋白分别与Ｎ、Ｐ浓度呈显著负相关．     

Cadmium accumulation and tolerance of two castor cultivars in relation to antioxidant systems

To investigate the effects of Cd on tolerance and antioxidant activities of castor, two different castor（Ricinus communis L.） cultivars（Zibo No. 5 and Zibo No. 8） were used for a hydroponic experiment（0, 1 and 2 mg/L Cd） and a pot experiment using Cd-contaminated soil（34 mg/kg） with the addition of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid（EDTA）. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the two cultivars with respect to Cd uptake in shoots（113–248 mg/kg for Zibo No. 5 and 130–288 mg/kg Zibo No. 8）, biomass tolerance indexes（64.9%–74.6% for Zibo No. 5 and 80.1%–90.9% for Zibo No. 8） in the hydroponic experiment and survival rates（0% for Zibo No. 5 and 100% for Zibo No. 8）determined by the addition of EDTA in the pot experiment, suggesting that Zibo No. 8 has higher tolerance than Zibo No. 5. Moreover, the castor cultivars have low bioconcentration factors（4.80% for Zibo No. 5 and 5.43% for Zibo No. 8） and low translocation factors（〈1%）.Consequently, Zibo No. 8 can participate in Cd phytostabilization in highly Cd-polluted areas. The results indicated that glutathione（GSH） as a non-enzymatic antioxidant, and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT） and guaiacol peroxidase（GPX）, were cultivar- and dose-dependent. The higher tolerance of Zibo No. 8compared with Zibo No. 5 can be attributed to the higher GSH levels in the root and higher GPX activity in the leaf.     

铅胁迫对蟾蜍抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

对蟾蜍(Bufo bufo gargarizans)采用腹腔注射法给Pb,研究了不同浓度(1～8mg/kg体重)Pb胁迫下蟾蜍肝、肾组织抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化.结果表明,染毒浓度对抗氧化酶活性产生不同的影响.1mg/kg Pb对蟾蜍的损伤较小,当Pb>2mg/kg时,蟾蜍肝、肾组织SOD、CAT活性显著升高(P<0.05);当Pb>4mg/kg时,肝、肾CAT活性又降至对照组水平甚至被明显抑制;而肝、肾GSH-Px活性则随着Pb浓度的升高而升高,Pb浓度为4,8mg/kg的染毒组显著高于对照(P<0.05).结果还表明,蟾蜍肝、肾组织MDA含量随着Pb染毒浓度的增加而增加,肾在Pb浓度为8mg/kg染毒组显著高于对照(P<0.05),肝在Pb浓度为4,8mg/kg的染毒组显著高于对照(P<0.05).