壳寡糖缓解小麦镉毒害的某些生理特性研究

利用不同浓度壳寡糖溶液对小麦种子浸种,种子萌发后,对小麦幼苗进行Cd胁迫,研究了不同浓度的壳寡糖对小麦幼苗生长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度壳寡糖浸种,对镉胁迫下小麦幼苗生长有促进作用,幼苗高度、根长、生物量均有增加;幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量增高;SOD、POD和CAT活性增加。随着镉胁迫时间的延长,SOD和CAT活性降低,但降低幅度小于对照;POD活性却表现增加,增加的幅度大于对照。壳寡糖不同浓度之间比较,低浓度壳寡糖对镉毒害的缓解效果优于高浓度。说明壳寡糖预处理对镉胁迫有缓解作用。     

Cd^（2＋）、Zn^（2＋）在不同介质中的等温吸附及迁移特性

采用等温吸附实验和土柱实验,探讨了重金属镉、锌在青岛地区三种主要土壤（棕壤、潮土和砂浆黑土）中的静态吸附特征和在石英砂、石英粉中的动态迁移特性。在静态等温吸附实验中,棕壤和潮土对Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋的吸附量相近,而黑土对Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋的吸附量明显高于棕壤和潮土。Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋的吸附比率随着加入浓度的增加而减少。在动态迁移实验中,Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋的迁移特性受介质质地、加入浓度、背景浓度和pH值的影响。由实验可知：Zn^2＋的迁移性比Cd^2＋强;随着pH的升高,介质对重金属的吸附容量和固持力增加。     

硫酸铵-锌试剂-Tween-80萃取分离废镍镉电池金属

以废旧镍镉电池为原料,探索盐酸溶解废镍镉电池的溶解条件,并用ICP仪检测镍镉电池溶液中金属离子含量。研究了硫酸铵-锌试剂-Tween-80体系萃取分离金属离子Ni（Ⅱ）,Cd（Ⅱ）,Co（Ⅱ）的行为。实验表明：Ni（Ⅱ）,Co（Ⅱ）在pH6-9范围内,与锌试剂形成的螯合物可被Tween-80相完全萃取,而Cd（Ⅱ）基本不被萃取。进而实现了镍镉电池溶液中的Ni（Ⅱ）,Co（Ⅱ）离子与Cd（Ⅱ）离子的分离。     

双水相气浮溶剂浮选与火焰原子吸收光谱法联用分析环境中Cd(Ⅱ)

结合气浮溶剂浮选和双水相萃取(ATPE)的优点,建立了一种新的分离/富集的方法,双水相气浮溶剂浮选(ATGS),并用于环境中痕量Cd(Ⅱ)的分离/富集.同时,以火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)检测Cd(Ⅱ),考察了浮选时间、N2流速、丙醇的分相条件、pH和配合剂用量等因素对浮选Cd(Ⅱ)的影响.最后优化出最佳浮选条件和测定条件,并探讨了共存离子对Cd(Ⅱ)浮选的干扰情况.结果表明,2mol·L-1的KI 9.5mL,1g·L-1的罗丹明B 2.5mL,盐体积分数为46%,缔合时间17min,气浮流速20 mL·min-1,浮选率可达100%,富集倍数为10,优于单一的双水相萃取.cd(Ⅱ)含量在0.050～5.000 mg·L-1与吸光度呈线性关系,线性方程为F=2.8967C-0.1474,可决系数为0.9996,检出限为0.0113mg·L-1,相对标准偏差RSD为1.8%(n=15).该方法在痕量/超痕量分析的样品前处理中有较好的应用前景.     

Responses of wheat seedlings to cadmium, mercury and trichlorobenzene stresses

The molecular response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.,cv.Yangmai 10) seedlings to heavy metal (Cd,Hg) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) stresses were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,image analysis,and peptide mass fingerprinting.The results showed inhibitions of root and shoot growth by Cd,Hg and TCB.These stresses led to water deficit and lipid phosphorylation in the seedling which also promoted protein phophorylation in the leaves.Hg stress inhibited protein synthesis while Cd and TCB stresses induced or up-regulated more proteins in the leaves.Most of these induced proteins played important roles in the biochemical reactions involved in tolerance of wheat to Cd and TCB stresses.The primary functions of Cd- and TCB-induced proteins included methionine metabolism,Rubisco modification,protein phosphorylation regulation,protein configuration protection,H+ transmembrane transportation and also the synthesis of ethylene defense substances and cell wall compounds.     

镉致黑斑蛙肝脏中ROS生成及其蛋白质氧化损伤作用

在实验条件下,将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于0.005、0.010、0.050和0.100mg·L-1浓度的镉溶液中30d,采用2,4二硝基苯肼比色法测定肝组织蛋白质羰基含量,KCl-SDS沉淀法测定DNA-蛋白质交联含量,并测定了肝组织中活性氧自由基(ROS)的水平,以探讨镉对黑斑蛙肝组织蛋白质的氧化损伤作用及其作用机制.结果表明,随染镉浓度的增加,黑斑蛙肝线粒体中的ROS水平明显升高,各染毒组与对照组相比有显著性差异;肝蛋白质羰基(PCO)含量和DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)也随镉暴露浓度的增加而升高,且均呈明显的浓度-效应关系,但这种升高仅在镉浓度为0.05、0.10mg.L-1时才具有显著意义.结果还显示,低浓度镉的长期暴露可引起黑斑蛙肝蛋白质氧化损伤和DNA损伤,诱导产生大量自由基可能是导致蛋白质和DNA产生损伤的主要机制之一.     

钙和钙离子通道阻断剂对丛枝菌根真菌吸收镉的影响

本试验以三叶草(Trifolium repense L.)为宿主植物,Glomusintra radices为供试菌种,通过分室系统将外生菌丝与植物根系分隔开,并对菌丝室加以不同含量水平的Ca2+、Cd2+和Ca2+通道阻断剂(Verapamil、LaCl3)进行处理,研究在菌丝吸收过程中Cd2+与Ca2+以及Ca2+通道之间的关系.试验结果表明,高Cd2+和LaCl3处理可促进菌丝发育;高Cd2+和Verapamil、LaCl3处理不同程度地降低了菌丝对Ca2+的吸收;高Ca2+和LaCl3处理则可提高菌丝对Cd2+的吸收.根据本试验结果可以认为,Cd2+在菌丝上的跨膜转运不是通过Ca2+通道完成,而且高Ca2+水平有利于Cd2+被菌丝吸收.     

环境信息公开:环境执法中的关键一环

<正>残缺的信息与残缺的家庭2008年3月的一天,湖南省株洲市马家河镇新马村年仅6岁的女孩刘冰洁黯然离世。而离世之前,这个孩子已经忍受了长达两年的病痛折磨。在医院出具的诊断材料中,系统性红斑狼疮、慢性镉中毒、重度贫血、上     

耐镉菌种的筛选培养及其对镉的吸附研究

通过实验从镉污染土壤中初筛得到了5株细菌和2株酵母菌,分别对这7株菌进行了耐镉性研究,通过对其生物量的比较,得到了2株（TLB-1和TLB-2）耐镉性较强的细菌。TLB-1和TLB-2在最佳条件下培养后,考察了TLB-1和TLB-2菌在不同吸附时间、pH值、Cd2＋浓度和温度等条件下的吸附效果。实验结果表明,这2株细菌都能在有Cd2＋的情况下存活,并且对Cd2＋具有良好的吸附效果,其吸附率可分别达到79.85%和89.04%。     

Soluble protein and acid phosphatase exuded by ectomycorrhizal fungi and seedlings in response to excessive Cu and Cd

Fungi and their symbionts can alleviate heavy metal stress by exuding soluble proteins and enzymes. This study examined the role of soluble protein and acid phosphatase (APase) exuded by Xerocomus chrysenteron, an ectomycorrhizal fungus, and the seedlings of its symbiont, Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), under conditions of excessive Cu and Cd. The growth type showed that this poorly studied ectomycorrhizal fungus was capable of tolerating high concentrations of Cu, and may be useful in phytoremediation. X. chrysenteron grew well at 80 mg/L Cu, and the EC50 for Cd was 17.82 mg/L. X. chrysenteron also showed enhanced exudation of soluble protein in both isolated and inoculated cultivations under the influence of Cu and Cd. Soluble protein exudation, however, di ered under Cu and Cd stress in isolates. In mediums containing Cu, soluble protein exudation increased with concentration, but in mediums containing Cd the content of soluble protein increased to a comparable level at all concentrations. This study demonstrated that soluble protein was related to heavy metal tolerance, although the di erent ions played di erent roles. While APase activity in exudates of fungi and seedlings decreased under Cu and Cd stress in comparison to the control, the APase activity in seedlings was maintained by inoculation. Thus, X. chrysenteron facilitated the ability of plant to maintain a normal nutrient uptake, and therefore to protect it from heavy metal toxicity.