养猪废水处理过程中体积交换率对好氧污泥颗粒化的影响

试验研究了在处理实际养猪废水过程中体积交换率对污泥颗粒化过程及成熟颗粒性质的影响,在3个序批式反应器(SBR)中分别设置73%、66%和50%(R1,R2,R3)3种体积交换率。研究结果指出:3种条件下污泥的颗粒化进程无差异,在第23天,3个反应器中污泥的颗粒化已经全部完成。在性质方面,R2的成熟颗粒污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)的含量、多糖和蛋白质的比值(PN/PS)分别为138.93 mg/g和0.81。在Zeta电位方面,R2具有最低的Zeta电位值。3个反应器中,NH+4-N、PO3-4-P和COD的每周期比降解速率分别为23~34,0.9~1.1,91~115 mg/g,R2和R3分别具有较好的碳氮和磷去除效果。     

离子色谱法测定降水中四种阴离子

离子色谱法是分析无机阴离子的一种最有效的方法之一,已广范应用到环境、医学和食品等领域。本文建立了以离子色谱法测定降水中F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-四种阴离子的方法。样品过滤后,采用ICS-900型离子色谱仪测试降水中的四种阴离子含量。四种阴离子线性良好r>0.999;相对标准偏差小于3%;加标回收率为96.8%~105.6%。该方法操作简单,分离度及加标回收率高,可同时测定降雨中四种不同浓度的阴离子。     

离子色谱法快速分析污水中的无机阴离子研究

采用Dionex ICS-900型离子色谱仪对污水中氟离子、氯离子、亚硝酸根离子、硝酸根离子、硫酸根离子等五种阴离子进行测定。在戴安公司提供的色谱条件的基础上,对其进行了修改和改进,实验对淋洗液组分、浓度和流速进行了筛选,使方法的分析效能大大提高,达到了快速分析的要求。按改进后的色谱条件,五种阴离子的分离度达到了3.06,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于1.533%。并且,对有标准值的样品进行质量控制考核,结果表明各离子的测定结果均在考核范围之内。     

鄱阳湖阻隔湖泊浮游植物群落结构演化特征：以军山湖为例

人类改造自然的行为——建闸筑堤对湖泊生态系统有着重要影响,由于缺乏生态监测对比数据,对阻隔湖泊的浮游植物群落结构变化及其响应特征缺乏足够认识.为探明阻隔湖泊浮游植物群落结构演变趋势,选取了鄱阳湖典型阻隔湖泊——军山湖,于2007~2008年和2012~2013年对其浮游植物进行丰枯水期调查,重点分析群落结构特征.结果表明,2012~2013年共检出浮游植物6门53属,主要由绿藻(种属数占47.2%)、硅藻(22.2%)、蓝藻(14.8%)、裸藻(9.3%)等组成.丰水期优势种属为飞燕角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)(生物量百分比20.5%)、鱼腥藻(Anabeana spp.)(18.5%)和微囊藻(Microcystis spp.)(12.9%);枯水期优势种属为卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)(生物量百分比38.4%)、颗粒直链硅藻(Aulacoseira granulata)(15.2%)和微囊藻(10.5%).浮游植物细胞数量主要由蓝藻(85.4%~87.0%)构成;丰水期生物量主要由蓝藻(45.0%)、甲藻(21.1%)、硅藻(15.6%)和绿藻(11.5%)组成;枯水期生物量则由隐藻(38.2%)、硅藻(31.3%)和蓝藻(21.1%)组成.与2007~2008年军山湖浮游植物群落结构相比,主要变化趋势有:①丰水期,浮游植物优势种从2007~2008年的甲藻-硅藻,甲藻绝对优势型转变为2012~2013年的蓝藻-甲藻,蓝藻绝对优势型;枯水期,从2007~2008年的甲藻-硅藻,甲藻绝对优势型转变为2012~2013年的隐藻-硅藻-蓝藻,隐藻绝对优势型.②浮游植物细胞数量由2007~2008年的2.66×106cell·L-1上升至2012~2013年的6.77×107cell·L-1,生物量由2007~2008年的0.72 mg·L-1增加至2012~2013年的12.30 mg·L-1.总之,军山湖浮游植物群落结构中贫营养型的甲藻比例减少,金藻消失,富营养型的蓝藻和隐藻增加.因此,通过建闸筑堤对湖泊进行人为阻隔后,湖区水体交换时间的延长,水流流速的变缓等水文条件的改变均促进了浮游植物富营养指示种在军山湖湖区内的生长聚集.     

Antimony(V) removal from water by hydrated ferric oxides supported by calcite sand and polymeric anion exchanger

We fabricated and characterized two hybrid adsorbents originated from hydrated ferric oxides(HFOs) using a polymeric anion exchanger D201 and calcite as host. The resultant adsorbents(denoted as HFO-201 and IOCCS) were employed for Sb(V) removal from water. Increasing solution pH from 3 to 9 apparently weakened Sb(V) removal by both composites, while increasing temperature from 293 to 313 K only improved Sb(V) uptake by IOCCS. HFO-201 exhibited much higher capacity for Sb(V) than for IOCCS in the absence of other anions in solution. Increasing ionic strength from 0.01 to 0.1 mol/L NaNO3would result in a significant drop of the capacity of HFO-201 in the studied pH ranges; however, negligible effect was observed for IOCCS under similar conditions. Similarly, the competing chloride and sulfate pose more negative effect on Sb(V) adsorption by HFO-201 than by IOCCS, and the presence of silicate greatly decreased their adsorption simultaneously, while calcium ions were found to promote the adsorption of both adsorbents. XPS analysis further demonstrated that preferable Sb(V) adsorption by both hybrids was attributed to the inner sphere complexation of Sb(V) and HFO, and Ca(II) induced adsorption enhancement possibly resulted from the formation of HFO-Ca-Sb complexes. Column adsorption runs proved that Sb(V) in the synthetic water could be effectively removed from 30 μg/L to below 5 μg/L(the drinking water standard regulated by China), and the effective treatable volume of IOCCS was around 6 times as that of HFO-201, implying that HFO coatings onto calcite might be a more effective approach than immobilization inside D201.     

Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products

Anion exchange resins （AERs） with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter （DOM） and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product （DBP） formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin （MIEX） showed faster dissolved organic carbon （DOC） removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.     

Dissolved organic matter removal using magnetic anion exchange resin treatment on biological effluent of textile dyeing wastewater

This study investigated the removal of dissolved organic matter（DOM） from real dyeing bio-treatment effluents（DBEs） with the use of a novel magnetic anion exchange resin（NDMP）.DOMs in two typical DBEs were fractionized using DAX-8/XAD-4 resin and ultrafiltration membranes. The hydrophilic fractions and the low molecular weight（MW）（〈3 kDa） DOM fractions constituted a major portion（〉50%） of DOMs for the two effluents. The hydrophilic and low MW fractions of both effluents were the greatest contributors of specific UV254absorbance（SUVA254）,and the SUVA254 of DOM fractions decreased with hydrophobicity and MW. Two DBEs exhibited acute and chronic biotoxicities. Both acute and chronic toxicities of DOM fractions increased linearly with the increase of SUVA254 value. Kinetics of dissolved organic carbon（DOC） removal via NDMP treatment was performed by comparing it with that of particle active carbon（PAC）. Results indicated that the removal of DOC from DBEs via NDMP was 60%,whereas DOC removals by PAC were lower than 15%. Acidic organics could be significantly removed with the use of NDMP. DOM with large MW in DBE could be removed significantly by using the same means. Removal efficiency of NDMP for DOM decreased with the decrease of MW. Compared with PAC,NDMP could significantly reduce the acute and chronic bio-toxicities of DBEs. NaCl/NaOH mixture regenerants,with selected concentrations of 10% NaCl（m/m）/1%NaOH（m/m）,could improve desorption efficiency.     

岩溶区地下水补给型水库表层无机碳时空变化特征及影响因素

为更深入地认识岩溶区地下水补给型水库表层无机碳的循环过程,于2014-07-12~2014-07-20期间,以广西上林县大龙洞岩溶水库表层水体为研究体系,对无机碳循环研究的重要指标进行定点观测和高密度的昼夜监测.结果发现:1从上游到下游DIC含量和水体p CO2值逐渐增加[DIC(平均):122.88 mg·L-1增至172.02 mg·L-1,p CO2(平均):637.91×10-6增至1 399.97×10-6],δ13CDIC值逐渐偏负[δ13CDIC(平均):-4.34‰降至-6.97‰].2库区均为大气CO2的源,CO2交换通量在7.11~335.54 mg·(m2·h)-1之间,平均125.03 mg·(m2·h)-1,上游和下游地区CO2交换通量较大[平均131.73 mg·(m2·h)-1、170.25 mg·(m2·h)-1],中游狭窄地区CO2交换通量较小[平均116.05 mg·(m2·h)-1].3表层水体p CO2值和水-气界面CO2交换通量存在晚上升高,白天降低的昼夜变化规律,且与叶绿素a(Chla)呈负相关关系.分析认为:1大龙洞水库表层水体DIC含量、δ13CDIC值和水体p CO2的空间分布主要受浮游植物浓度、浊度、电导率、水深、透明度等的影响,而水-气界面CO2交换通量除了受浮游植物浓度空间变化的影响外还受风速的影响.2浮游植物昼夜垂向运动及光合作用和呼吸作用昼夜变化控制着水库表层水体溶解性无机碳的昼夜循环过程.     

三峡库区典型干-支流相互作用过程中的营养盐交换:以梅溪河为例

三峡水库建成以后,梅溪河库湾多次发生水华现象,为研究干流水体倒灌对库湾营养盐的影响,于2012年8月至2013年7月对受干流回水影响的梅溪河进行了详细的现场监测.结果表明,三峡水库在不同的水位调度时期,梅溪河库湾水体均表现为分层异向流动;受长江干流倒灌影响,梅溪河库湾营养盐分布季节变化显著,DIN的年倒灌净通量约为5 478.02 t,DIP的年倒灌净通量约为234.04 t,DSi的年倒灌净通量约为5 935.22 t,长江干流每年对梅溪河DIN、DIP、DSi的补给量分别约为源头输入量的2.37倍、4.32倍和1.33倍;干流倒灌对库湾营养盐分布的影响不仅局限在河口区域,对梅溪河中上游的营养盐分布也将造成影响,干流倒灌对库湾P的补给将对库湾P限制起到缓解作用,为藻类的暴发提供必要条件.     

骆马湖泥-水界面磷铁硫原位同步变化特征

利用薄膜梯度扩散（DGT）原位采样装置获取了骆马湖全湖8个典型湖区泥-水界面（SWI）活性磷（P）、铁（Fe）、硫（S）垂向分布信息，据此定量估算三者交换通量.结果表明，骆马湖沉积物剖面P、Fe、S浓度范围分别为0~2.05，0~11.10和0.01~0.63mg/L，并在微小尺度呈高度空间异质性.在水平方向上活性P、Fe主要表现为西北湖区高于东南湖区，而活性S则未表现出明显的分布规律；就垂直剖面而言，活性P、Fe、S自界面向下呈升高趋势，并在60mm深度内出现峰值，且活性P和Fe剖面呈明显的同步变化特征；活性P、Fe在多数点位具有显著的正相关性（r>0.65，P<0.01），且各采样点沉积物中的总铁与总磷比值[w（∑Fe）/w（∑P）]均高于15，这表明Fe的地球化学循环过程对于骆马湖内源磷释放起重要控制作用；8个采样点样品中活性P、Fe、S交换通量分别为0.066~0.698，1.671~5.592和0.007~0.071mg/（m²·d），表明P、Fe、S由沉积物向水体释放.西北湖区表现出较高的P通量和活性P浓度，这可能会增加南水北调过程中水质污染的风险，应予以重视.以上结果支持了P、Fe耦合释放机制，明确了骆马湖SWI的活性P、Fe、S迁移特征.