生活必需品现场保障数据系统的设计与实现

生活必需品现场保障数据系统是面向我国重特大灾害事件应急救灾物资保障的重大需求,以水、食品、生活用品等生活必需品应急物资为研究对象,针对生活必需品应急保障装备和技术平台支撑不足的问题,开发了生活必需品保障专用系统。该系统基于ASP.Net、RFID、二维条形码、ANDROID终端开发平台等多种信息化和网络化技术手段,实现了生活必需品出入库管理、库存信息统计分析、补给物资物流信息跟踪、需求信息辅助生成、保障对象管理和物资分配模型管理、物资分配方案辅助生成等功能。该系统在物资库存管理的基础上,通过对库存信息进行统计、对预计消耗信息进行基于模型的分析、对预计货物补充信息进行跟踪,对需求报送信息进行辅助生成,实现了对生活必需品库存变化的全过程进行跟踪,并可以通过在一定范围内动态调整物资分配模型,动态调整需求报送数量实现了对生活必需品库存的优化管理。生活必需品现场保障数据系统面向灾害现场的生活必需品物资存储与分配管理,并且与商务部门的后台物资调度系统无缝整合,成为全国应急生活必需品物资保障大平台的重要组件。     

太湖流域耕地变化及其对生态服务功能影响研究

人类活动驱动下的土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能影响是当前生态学研究的前沿和热点,中国东部沿海经济发达地区耕地变化对生态系统服务功能影响尚不清楚。论文以中国经济快速发展和典型商品粮基地--太湖流域为研究区,利用多期遥感解译数据、统计资料和历史文献,分析太湖流域25 a 来耕地变化情况,并选取农产品生产、碳蓄积、水源涵养三个关键指标探讨耕地变化对生态系统服务功能的影响。结果表明:① 25 a 来太湖流域耕地减少显著,以城市建设用地占用为主,1985-2000 年流域耕地仅减少1 346.82 km²,主要集中在上海市和江苏省,态势并不严峻;2000-2010 年是流域耕地减少的主要时期,减少面积达4 317.46 km²,县级市耕地减少明显加剧。② 25 a 间太湖流域耕地变化造成生态服务功能退化明显,供给服务功能中仅小麦产量有所提高,稻谷和油料产量分别下降39.60%、56.56%,调节服务功能中土壤碳储量降低显著,但对水源涵养能力影响较小。建议加强耕地保护力度,协调耕地保护、经济发展和生态服务之间的平衡,有助于减缓流域耕地减少对生态服务功能退化的压力。     

区域生态环境服务价值评估 --以延安市宝塔区为例

将小尺度行政区域作为研究对象,建立区域生态环境服务价值评估模型。模型重点考虑了2个方面:第一,主体生态系统对区域生态环境服务价值的贡献大小及主体生态系统之间的相互影响;第二,估算主体生态系统价值时考虑直接使用价值、间接使用价值、非使用价值的重复或遗漏及生态环境服务价值随社会经济的变化。以陕西延安市宝塔区为例进行评估,得到2002年宝塔区生态环境服务价值为118322.214万元。     

土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响研究综述

土地利用/覆被变化是全球环境变化的重要组成部分和主要原因之一,不仅带来了地表结构的巨大变化,而且对生态系统服务也造成重要影响。土地利用变化和生态系统服务研究已成为国际上生态学和地理学等跨学科研究的热点之一。从土地利用变化和生态系统服务的概念及其影响因素分析入手,综述了土地利用面积变化、土地利用方式变化和土地利用空间格局变化等对生态系统服务的影响,归纳了土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响研究的主要方法和模型,分析了相关研究的不足,并提出了加强生态系统服务动态评估方法和时空动态评估模型的研究、强化土地利用变化对生态系统服务影响的生态学机制研究和注重土地利用变化下生态系统服务评估结果的集成应用研究等建议,以期对我国的土地利用变化与生态系统服务评估研究提供科学参考。     

Crediting uncertain ecosystem services in a market

The margin of safety (MOS) approach is an increasingly prevalent tool for ensuring the integrity of market-based programs for providing ecosystem services. Over-crediting is reduced by setting aside mean estimates of uncertain services in favor of a more conservative estimate. Like many environmental policy problems, ecosystem service markets involve the aggregation of uncertainty over multiple scales, e.g. from landowners to market intermediaries to the overall market. We examine how the MOS instrument affects, and is affected by, an ecosystem services market. We show that the common bottom-up approach of imposing risk preferences at a local, disaggregated level—held over from earlier development in the context of toxics and command and control-style health risk regulation—leads to several unintended consequences. Furthermore, discounting landowner services can actually increase their profits, conditional on the elasticity of credit demand. We illustrate theoretical insights with an empirical application to greenhouse gas offset crediting in agriculture.     

Identifying forest ecosystem services through socio-ecological bundles: a case study from northern Jordan

This study aims to identify services provided by forest ecosystems based on locals’ perceptions in the northern part of Jordan. By better understanding preferences of locals and by understanding why they value certain services more heavily, policy-makers and planning managers can make more effective decisions regarding development and conservation. Three hundred respondents were interviewed in order to collect information about forest ecosystem services (ES). Data collection was conducted using a structured questionnaire regarding ES provided by three forest types situated in northern Jordan. ES trade-offs and socio-ecological bundles were identified by analyzing respondents’ socioeconomic demographics and preferences of forest ES through multivariate canonical corresponding analysis (CCA). The statistical analysis indicated that the socioeconomic factors and forest type have an effect on social preferences toward ES. Results displayed a clear trade-off between provisioning services and regulating and cultural services. CCA demonstrated that 73% of the variation in ES value is explained by social factors (i.e. education level, income level, and gender), while 26% of perception variation was attributable to categories of ES supplied by each forest ecosystem. These findings imply that involving people in the place-specific management of public forests using the ES approach gives managers a clearer understanding of the benefits people recognize and value, as well as those they either are not aware of or do not value. Such information is useful in forest management and in public outreach. Although direct policy applications are limited by the research’s nature, the paper provides a starting point for incorporating forest users’ voices into policy discussions and management design.     

Providing health services during a civil war: the experience of a garrison town in South Sudan

The impact of conflict, particularly conflict arising during civil wars, on the provision of healthcare is a subject that has not been widely considered in conflict‐related research. Combatants often target health services to weaken or to defeat the enemy, while attempts to maintain or improve health systems also can comprise part of counter‐insurgency ‘hearts‐and‐minds’ strategies. This paper describes the dynamics associated with the provision of health services in Malakal, an important garrison town in South Sudan, during the second Sudanese civil war (1983–2005). Drawing on the concepts of opportunity hoarding and exploitation, it explores the social and political dynamics of service provision in and around the town during the war. These concepts provide a useful lens with which to understand better how health services are affected by conflict, while the empirical case study presented in the paper illustrates dynamics that may be repeated in other contexts. The concepts and case study set out in this paper should prove useful to healthcare providers working in conflict zones, including humanitarian aid agencies and their employees, increasing their understanding of the social and political dynamics that they are likely to face during future conflict‐related complex emergencies.     

海河流域草地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估

草地生态系统为人类提供了畜产品和生命支持两个方面的多种服务功能,但人们常关注产品提供功能而忽视生命支持功能。研究采用联合国千年生态系统评估框架,构建了海河流域草地生态系统服务功能的评估指标体系,并以2005年为基准年,运用市场价值法、影子价格法等多种方法对海河流域草地生态系统进行经济价值评估。结果表明,海河流域草地面积为6.67×10¹⁰ m²,提供产品、固碳、保持土壤、净化环境等8项服务功能的总价值为2 216.28×10⁸元,单位面积价值为3.32元/(m²·a)。其中,提供产品的价值量最大,占总价值的31.3%,其次是固碳和营养物质保持功能的价值,分别占总价值的26.8%、22.2%。海河流域草地生态系统除了具有重要的产品提供功能外,固碳、营养物质保持等生命支持功能的巨大经济价值也不容忽视,平衡兼顾草地生态系统的产品提供功能和生命支持功能有助于促进海河流域经济社会发展与生态保护的协调。     

城市化对流域生态系统服务价值空间异质性的影响——以南京市九乡河流域为例

以南京市九乡河流域为研究区域,以2003、2009年两期遥感影像数据为基本信息源,在调整生态系统服务价值系数的基础上,计算流域生态系统服务价值,并利用ArcGIS的空间分析功能,研究流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性及其变化,以及城市化与生态系统服务价值之间的关系。结果表明:2003-2009年,流域生态系统服务价值损失2.63%,达643.1×10⁴元,其中上游生态系统服务价值增加1.57%,而中游和下游则分别减少2.18%和10.58%,耕地流失是中游、下游和流域总生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因;食物生产、保持土壤等单项生态系统服务价值降低,而水文调节和提供美学功能的生态服务价值增加;九乡河流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性发生了明显的变化,生态系统服务价值降低的区域主要集中在下游的仙林大学城以及中游靠近主城区的西村一带,而升高的区域主要分布在九乡河沿岸;城市化对流域生态系统服务价值的负效应明显。制定严格的生态规划,加强对流域开发建设的分类指导,是恢复和维护九乡河流域生态系统服务功能的有效途径。     

Biogeochemical model (BGC-ES) and its basin-level application for evaluating ecosystem services under forest management practices

It is important for humans to live in harmony with ecosystems. Evaluation of ecosystem services (ES) may be helpful in achieving this objective. In Japan, forest ecosystems need to be re-evaluated to prevent their degradation due to lack of forest management.In order to evaluate the effects of forest management on forest ES, we developed a process-based biogeochemical model to estimate water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles in forest ecosystems (BGC-ES). This model consists of four submodels: biomass, water cycle, carbon-nitrogen (CN) cycles, and forest management. The biomass submodel can calculate growth of forest biomass under forest managements.Several parameters of the model were calibrated using data from observations of evapotranspiration flux and quality of stream flow in forests. The model results were compared with observations of runoff water from a dam catchment site and with carbon flux observations.Our model was coupled with a basin-level GIS database of forests. Evaluations under various forest management scenarios were carried out for forests in a basin contained in the Ise Bay basin (Chubu region, Japan), where plantations (artificial forests) seemed to have degraded from poor forest management.Comparing our simulation results with those of forests without management in the basin, we found that the amounts of absorbed carbon and runoff were larger in managed forests. In addition, the volume of harvested timber was larger and its quality (diameter) was better in managed forests. Changes of ES within the various scenarios were estimated for their economic value and were compared with the cost of forest management.