碳源对生物滞留系统中硝酸盐异化还原成铵的影响研究

通过构建模拟实验,利用~(15)N同位素示踪技术研究在生物滞留系统中碳源对生物滞留系统中硝酸盐异化还原成铵(DNRA)的影响。结果表明:5个处理组(葡萄糖50,100,150,200,250 mg/L)中NO_3~-发生转化的量分别为41.1%、47.9%、50.7%、56.2%和57.6%。以葡萄糖为碳源,初始浓度为100 mg/L时,DNRA作用效果最显著,~(15)N-NH_4~+含量占初始添加~(15)N的24.7%;初始浓度为250 mg/L时,DNRA作用最弱,~(15)N-NH_4~+含量占初始添加~(15)N的13.7%。反硝化和DNRA作用同时进行,系统中~(15)N-NO_3~-含量的减少均伴随着DNRA过程中间产物~(15)N-NO_2~-含量的积累和最终产物~(15)N-NH+4含量的增加。     

表面包覆TiO_2材料的制备及光催化降解染料废水

以介孔硅基分子筛SBA-15为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法在SBA-15分子筛表面包覆TiO_2。制备了不同TiO_2含量的链状二维六方形介孔复合材料。采用电子显微镜扫描仪、X射线衍射仪、傅立叶红外光谱、紫外-固体漫反射等技术对复合材料进行表征。SEM结果表明样品具有良好的包覆效果,UV-Vis光谱结果表明样品具有较好的光吸收能力。XRD结果表明复合材料表面包覆的TiO_2为锐钛矿和金红石的混合晶型,随载体用量的增加TiO_2的粒径逐渐减小。以光催化降解亚甲基蓝为目标,研究复合材料在煅烧温度、载体用量、底物溶液初始浓度等影响因素下的光催化效果。考察复合材料的再生光催化活性。研究表明:介孔TiO_2复合材料相比于市售P-25有较高的光催化活性。复合材料可进行回收利用,并且其介孔结构牢固不易崩塌。     

Effect of interspecific competition on functional properties of plants in mountain-steppe communities of the Gobi

The isotope ratios δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N and the contents of nitrogen, carbon, and mineral substances have been studied in the leaves of Ephedra sinica, Allium polyrhizum, and Stipa glareosa plants growing separately or together under arid conditions of the Gobi (Mongolia). The contents of nitrogen, mineral substances, and δ¹⁵N have proved to decrease when these species grow together, providing evidence that they compete for environmental resources. The nitrogen content decreases to the greatest extent in E. sinica due to the low competitiveness of this species. The direction of change in δ¹³C in E. sinica is opposite to that in A. polyrhizum and S. glareosa. Differences in physiological mechanisms of adaptation to stress between these species provides a basis for attributing them to different functional groups and for predicting the result of their competition upon changes in climatic conditions.     

法国梧桐叶片氮含量及氮同位素对城市大气湿沉降氮的响应研究

通过对贵阳市法国梧桐叶片为期1 a的监测(2009-03～2010-04),分析其叶片氮含量及氮同位素组成随季节变化的规律,并与同期湿沉降监测结果进行对比,探讨维管束植物叶片响应大气湿沉降氮的可能性.结果表明,法国梧桐叶片N%变化范围为1.48%～5.27%,均值为3.36%,根际土TN%为0.29%,叶片δ15N变化范围为4.48‰～8.39‰,均值为6.38‰.叶片N%与δ15N具有较好的相关性,随时间变化皆呈现春夏较高、秋季降低的趋势,冬季落叶,无监测数据.结合该采样点同期雨水监测数据,发现叶片N%与雨水中DIN浓度(0.57～6.74 mg.L-1)、叶片δ15N与雨水δ15NH4+-N呈现一致的变化规律,表明湿沉降氮是叶片吸收氮的一个重要来源,法国梧桐叶片指示大气N沉降量的变化成为可能.研究还发现法国梧桐叶片δ15N比其吸收氮的2个主要端元(根际土δ15TN:3.19‰±1.04‰,雨水δ15N-NH4+:-19.76‰～-10.41‰)都偏正,表明法国梧桐在吸收氮的过程中存在着较大的同位素分馏.     

Preparation and evaluation of aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15 for copper removal from aqueous solution

A novel material, aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15(NH2-Mn-SBA-15), was synthesized by bonding 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane(APTMS) onto manganeseloaded SBA-15(Mn-SBA-15) and used as a Cu2+adsorbent in aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectra(XRD), N2adsorption/desorption isotherms, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) were used to characterize the NH2-Mn-SBA-15.The ordered mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was remained after modification. The manganese oxides were mainly loaded on the internal surface of the pore channels while the aminopropyl groups were mainly anchored on the external surface of SBA-15. The adsorption of Cu2+on NH2-Mn-SBA-15 was fitted well by the Langmuir equation and the maximum adsorption capacity of NH2-Mn-SBA-15 for Cu2+was over two times higher than that of Mn-SBA-15 under the same conditions. The Elovich equation gave a good fit for the adsorption process of Cu2+by NH2-Mn-SBA-15 and Mn-SBA-15. Both the loaded manganese oxides and the anchored aminopropyl groups were found to contribute to the uptake of Cu2+. The NH2-Mn-SBA-15 showed high selectivity for copper ions. Consecutive adsorption–desorption experiments showed that the NH2-Mn-SBA-15 could be regenerated by acid treatment without altering its properties.     

Effect of orchard age on soil nitrogen transformation in subtropical China and implications

A better understanding of nitrogen transformation in soils could reveal the capacity for biological inorganic N supply and improve the efficiency of N fertilizers. In this study, a ¹⁵N tracing study was carried out to investigate the effects of converting woodland to orchard, and orchard age on the gross rates of N transformation occurring simultaneously in subtropical soils in Eastern China. The results showed that inorganic N supply rate was remained constant with soil organic C and N contents increased after converting woodland into citrus orchard and with increasing orchard age. This phenomenon was most probably due to the increase in the turnover time of recalcitrant organic-N, which increased with decreasing soil pH along with increasing orchard age significantly. The amoA gene copy numbers of both archaeal and bacterial were stimulated by orchard planting and increased with increasing orchard age. The nitrification capacity (defined as the ratio of gross rate of nitrification to total gross rate of mineralization) increased following the Michaelis–Menten equation, sharply in the first 10 years after woodland conversion to orchard, and increased continuously but much more slowly till 30 years. Due to the increase in nitrification capacity and unchanged NO₃⁻ consumption, the dominance of ammonium in inorganic N in woodland soil was shifted to nitrate dominance in orchard soils. These results indicated that the risk of NO₃⁻ loss was expected to increase and the amount of N needed from fertilizers for fruit growth did not change although soil organic N accumulated with orchard age.     

SBA-15表面修饰及其对水中Cu~(2+)的吸附行为

以3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷为修饰剂,利用修饰方法,制备出氨基修饰SBA-15,并命名为N-SBA-15。采用XRD、FT-IR、N2吸附-脱附对样品进行表征,批量实验研究吸附剂对水中Cu2+的吸附性能,动力学实验数据采用拟一阶动力学方程、拟二阶动力学方程和内扩散方程进行分析。研究结果表明:N-SBA-15对Cu2+的吸附遵循液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散机理,且整个吸附过程更符合拟二阶动力学方程,45℃时Cu2+的最大吸附量达到0.812 mmol/g。Langmuir等温模型可较好地描述Cu2+在N-SBA-15上的吸附行为。热力学研究表明该吸附过程是一个自发、吸热过程,高温有利于吸附。     

条件非线性最优扰动在热带气旋调控减灾中的应用初探

为主动减小热带气旋灾害,给将来热带气旋调控的工程实践奠定理论基础。从RossHoffman对热带气旋调控减灾的研究出发,引出了作为非线性最优控制技术的四维变分天气控制版本。简要介绍了条件非线性最优扰动(CNOP)的概念,在此基础上,重点介绍了CNOP方法与四维变分方法相比改进方面的主要应用,它可以利用控制过程中的观测数据,从而在天气控制方面优于四维变分技术。进一步研究了CNOP在热带气旋控制中的另外两个应用,即对初始扰动发展为热带气旋的反演以及利用CNOP寻求产生最大垂直风切变的扰动。新的非线性最优控制技术可称为"非线性最优强迫变分(NOFV)"或"非线性最优强迫扰动(NOFP)"方法,它可以使控制尽可能接近观测。研究表明,CNOP方法在热带气旋调控减灾中大有用武之地。     

CDN辐射骚扰测试影响因素的探究

研究影响CISPR15中辐射骚扰测试项目所用的电波暗室测试法的替代方法（CDN法）的测试因素。通过在不同的测试环境、不同的布置下对比测试,得到了不同的测试结果,从而加深了对标准布置的理解,也为实验室间比对测试提供了参考。     

The Effect of UV-B Irradiation on the Biodegradability of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and Poly-ɛ-Caprolactone (PCL)

The biodegradability of poly--hydroxybutyrate and poly--caprolactone in soil compostage before and after irradiation of the polymers for 192, 425, and 600 h in a Weather-Ometer was examined. The biodegradability tests were done in soil compostage at pH 7.0, 9.0, and 11.0 to assess the influence of this parameter on degradation. The rate of degradation was directly proportional to the soil alkalinity. Poly--hydroxybutyrate showed the greatest weight loss and aging in a Weather-Ometer did not significantly increase the biodegradation, except when the polymer was aged for 425 h and buried in soil compostage of pH 11.0.