True trisomy 15 mosaicism,detected by amniocentesis at 12 weeks of gestation and fetal echocardiography

A case of mosaicism of trisomy 15, with two-thirds of the cells trisomic, was detected at 12 weeks of gestation in amniotic fluid cell cultures obtained with the filtration technique. Ultrasound examination at 13 weeks showed a nodule protruding into the amniotic cavity which was speculated to be remnants of a co-twin, causing the trisomic cell line. At 20 weeks of gestation, a malformation scan (level III) was normal, but supplementary fetal echocardiography revealed a severe cardiac defect (mitral atresia and a ventricular septal defect). Fetal lymphocytes obtained by cordocentesis showed trisomy 15 mosaicism, but only in 5 per cent of the mitoses. After termination, the same percentage of trisomy 15 mosaicism was found in cells from skin and tendon as in the original early amniocentesis. No sign of earlier twinning was found in the placenta or membranes. We conclude that mosaicism in early amniotic fluid obtained by the filter technique in this case reflected the true karyotype accurately and that supplementary echocardiography added significantly to the interpretation of the clinical implications.     

Ammonia volatilization losses and 15N balance from urea applied to rice on a paddy soil

Ammonia volatilization loss and ^15N balance were studied in a rice field at three different stages after urea application in Taihu Lake area with a micrometeorological technique. Factors such as climate and the NH4^＋-N concentration in the field floodwater affecting ammonia loss were also investigated. Results show that the ammonia loss by volatilization accounted for 18.6%-38.7% of urea applied at different stages, the greatest loss took place when urea was applied at the tillering stage, the smallest at the ear bearing stage, and the intermediate loss at the basal stage. The greatest loss took place within 7 d following the fertilizer application. Ammonia volatilization losses at three fertilization stages were significantly correlated with the ammonium concentration in the field floodwater after the fertilizer was applied. ^15N balance experiment indicated that the use efficiency of urea by rice plants ranged between 24.4% and 28.1%. At the early stage of rice growth, the fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency was rather low, only about 12%. The total amount of nitrogen lost from different fertilization stages in the rice field was 44.1%-54.4%, and the ammonia volatilization loss was 25.4%-33.3%. Reducing ammonia loss is an important treatment for improving N use efficiency.     

水稻不同时期吸收的氮素的行为

为研究水稻不同时期吸收的氮素在其体内的行为，作者利用^15NH^4＋和^15NO3^-双标记，对Indica水稻亚种（品种Hinohikari）进行水培，在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期施用，将培养液卢州）20mg／L的NH4NO3换成相同质量浓度的^15TH4NO3或NH4^15NO3；部分水稻在一周后收获，其他分别在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期、成熟期收获。植株分成根系、地上部的底部、地上部的顶部、旗叶和穗部，对各自的全氮、^15N进行测定，计算植物的总吸收量。从施用量、植株总吸收量以及三部分总和的植株氮残存量的比较来研究氮素在两种水稻亚种中的行为。研究结果表明，各个时期的^15NH4NO3或NH4^15NO3处理下水稻的N吸收总量上没有差别，但1周后收获的^15NH4-N处理的水稻中^15N的含量比^15NO3-N要高得多，直到成熟期收获的水稻都有同样的结果，这意味着各个时期吸收的NH4-N和NO3-N有着不同的损失量，吸收的NO3-N比NH4-N要损失得多。水稻叶片的氮素损失可能以N2O和NH3的形式。不同氮肥形态的处理下转移到穗部的氮素的量和来源也不相同，在NH4^15NO3的处理中穗部的^15N主要来自地上部的底部，而在^15NH4NO3的处理中穗部的^15N主要来自分蘖期吸收的^15N，少量来自成熟期并且^15N主要来自植株的各个部分。     

SBA-15介孔分子筛处理废水中氨氮的研究

以具有较高比表面积及较大孔径的介孔分子筛SBA-15、Rod-SBA-15为载体,利用物理吸附的方法吸附废水中的氨氮,Rod-SBA-15由于具有较大的比表面积及孔径而具有较高的脱除效率,还通过测定不同分子筛用量、不同pH值及不同静置时间条件下的吸附效率来确定优选吸附条件,结果表明,分子筛用量优选3 mg/mL,pH值优选6～7,吸附时间优选20 min。     

Effects of heavy metals on the nitrogen metabolism of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica L. ex Hedw. A 15N tracer study

The assessment of pollution in aquatic systems necessitates an accurate indication of toxicity of heavy metals for organisms and ecosystems. We used the stable nitrogen isotope 15N to estimate the influence of the heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn on the synthesis of nitrogen-containing fractions in the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. This method permits conclusions concerning inhibitory effects of these heavy metals on the assimilation of nitrogen and the biosynthesis of amino acids and proteins. The moss was exposed to metal concentrations of 25-500 microM over a period of 5-10 days. 15N abundance of exposed plants was compared with that of control plants. Similar to a loss of vitality determined using a fluorometric assay, a decrease of the 15N abundance in the N fractions of Fontinalis antipyretica was measured in dependence on the metal concentration. Nevertheless, the individual inhibition by the distinct metals was different, so that the following order of toxicity was derived: Cd > Pb > Zn.     

高寒藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)草甸植物对土壤氮素利用的多元化特征

论文以藏嵩草草甸为研究对象,利用¹⁵N 同位素标记技术,野外原位定量研究高寒藏嵩草草甸7 个主要植物种对土壤有机氮（甘氨酸）和无机氮（铵态氮、硝态氮）的吸收,以证明不同植物对土壤氮素吸收的生态位分化特征。结果表明：① 高寒藏嵩草草甸7 种植物δ¹⁵N天然丰度值为0.840‰～5.015‰,变异范围为4.175‰,地上组织氮浓度为14.38～23.31g·kg^-1;② 从7 种植物吸收土壤甘氨酸、铵态氮和硝态氮的比例看,草地早熟禾偏好吸收土壤有机态氮,其体内氮的36%来源于土壤甘氨酸。冷地早熟禾和雅毛茛吸收土壤无机氮的能力最强,其体内氮的41%～43%来源于铵态氮。溚草偏好吸收土壤硝态氮,其体内氮的35%来自于硝态氮。③ 优势植物藏嵩草、华扁穗草和黑褐苔草对¹⁵N-Gly、¹⁵N-NO₃^-和¹⁵N-NH₄⁺的吸收均较低,仅为0.085～0.475 μmol ¹⁵N·g^-1 DW,表明这3 种莎草科植物不能有效吸收土壤中的甘氨酸和无机氮源。④ 高寒沼泽湿地生态系统中,不同植物种对土壤氮素的吸收存在差异和多元化的特点,其中莎草科植物对土壤氮的利用较低,而早熟禾、溚草禾本科牧草及双子叶植物雅毛茛以土壤无机氮和可溶性有机氮作为氮源。     

浸渍法制备负载化离子液体吸附剂及其表征

采用浸渍法制备了负载化离子液体吸附剂[Bmim]BF_4@SBA-15,N_2吸附、SEM及TG表征发现:离子液体主要负载于SBA-15载体孔道内,少量附着于载体外表面。为优化制备条件,重点考察了共溶剂、反应时间、离子液体和载体的质量比等因素对负载量的影响。实验结果表明:当丙酮为共溶剂、离子液体与载体质量比为6∶1、浸渍时间为9 h时,离子液体负载量可达66.8%。在此基础上,对负载化离子液体进行CO_2吸附性能测试,发现随离子液体负载量增加,CO_2吸附量先增大后减小。当负载量为34.9%时,CO_2吸附量可达40.3 mg/g。     

青铜峡灌区水稻田化肥氮去向研究

青铜峡灌区是我国古老的特大型灌区和粮食主产区之一,灌区农田氮肥的过量施用已经导致化肥氮向水体流失.用15N示踪微区试验方法研究了青铜峡引黄灌区习惯灌溉量条件下水稻田化肥氮素去向.结果表明,施氮量为当地习惯施氮300kg.hm-2时,水稻吸收的化肥氮在籽粒中最多,氮肥的当季利用率为45.93%,吸收的土壤氮约占52.63%;作物中的回收率为27.90%,在0～90cm土壤中的残留率为23.31%,作物-土壤体系中的回收率为51.21%,氮肥的损失率为48.79%;氮肥除了被当季作物吸收和部分以矿质氮残留在土壤中外,灌区19×104hm2的水稻田化肥氮年流失量为2.78×104t,生产1000kg水稻(净籽粒),排放纯氮20.17kg;在0～90cm土壤层中均有化肥氮残留,残留化肥氮主要富集在表层0～30cm,在60～90cm检测到化肥氮,说明青铜峡引黄灌区在习惯灌溉量条件下,水稻田当季的化肥氮淋溶到90cm以下,成为浅层地下水的潜在污染源.     

我国西南地区氮饱和马尾松林土壤和植物15N自然丰度对长期氮施加的响应

我国快速增长的氮沉降可能造成森林生态系统的氮饱和,进而导致一系列严重的环境后果.为了深入研究氮沉降对我国森林生态系统的影响,进而评价和预测森林生态系统的氮状态,本研究选取我国西南地区典型的马尾松林生态系统,对土壤和植物的15N自然丰度(δ15N)进行了测定,探讨用15N富集因子(εp/s)作为氮状态指标的可行性.对该马尾松林连续7 a施加NH4NO3或Na NO3的控制实验结果表明,长期的高氮输入显著增加了土壤和植物的δ15N.同时,该生态系统对不同形态的氮输入有不同的响应,即在NH+4沉降下δ15N显著高于NO-3沉降下的值.15N富集因子与氮沉降量、净硝化速率和淋溶量均呈显著的正相关关系,特别是本研究与之前研究的所有马尾松林的15N富集因子与氮沉降量之间线性相关,表明15N富集因子可用来表征氮状态.由于在相同氮沉降的情况下,NH+4的效应强于NO-3,建议我国在未来控制氮氧化物排放的同时也应当重视氨的排放控制.