Highly catalytic activity of Mn/SBA-15 catalysts for toluene combustion improved by adjusting the morphology of supports

Rod-like, hexagonal and fiber-like SBA-15 mesoporous silicas were synthesized to support MnO_x for toluene oxidation. This study showed that the morphology of the supports greatly influenced the catalytic activity in toluene oxidation. MnO_x supported on rod-like SBA-15(R-SBA-15) displayed the best catalytic activity and the conversion at 230°C reached more than 90%, which was higher than the other two catalysts. MnO_x species consisted of coexisting MnO_2 and Mn_2O_3 on the three kinds of SBA-15 samples. Large amounts of Mn_2O_3 species were formed on the surface and high oxygen mobility was obtained on MnO_x supported on R-SBA-15, according to the H_2 temperature programmed reduction(H_2-TPR)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) results. The Mn/R-SBA-15 catalyst with greater amounts of Mn_2O_3 species possessed a large amount of surface lattice oxygen, which accelerated the catalytic reaction rate. Therefore, the surface lattice oxygen and high oxygen mobility were critical factors on the catalytic activity of the Mn/R-SBA-15 catalyst.     

Deletion 15q24-26 in prenatally detected diaphragmatic hernia: increasing evidence of a candidate region for diaphragmatic development

Survival of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is mainly dependent on the extent of lung hypoplasia and the presence of additional congenital anomalies or chromosomal aberrations. A chromosomal deletion 15q25-q26.2 in a fetus with prenatally diagnosed CDH and growth retardation is reported. Despite optimal pre- and neonatal management the baby died shortly after birth. There is increasing evidence that the long arm of chromosome 15, and especially the region 15q24 to 15q26, plays a crucial role in the development of the diaphragm. The finding of a deletion within 15q24-26 in a fetus with CDH has to be considered a predictor of poor prognosis. It is of utmost interest for proper parental counselling to search in fetuses with CDH for subtle chromosomal lesions paying special attention to chromosome 15q. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new baseline model for estimating willingness to pay from discrete choice models

We show a substantive problem exists with the widely-used ratio of coefficients approach to calculating willingness to pay (WTP) from discrete choice models. The correctly calculated standard error for WTP using this approach is shown to be undefined. This occurs because the cost parameter's standard error implies some possibility the true parameter value is arbitrarily close to zero. We propose a simple yet elegant way to overcome this problem by reparameterizing the (negative) cost variable's coefficient using an exponential transformation to enforce the theoretically correct positive coefficient. With it the confidence interval for WTP is now finite and well behaved.     

Use of genetic,climatic, and microbiological data to inform reintroduction of a regionally extinct butterfly

Species reintroductions are increasingly used as means of mitigating biodiversity loss. Besides habitat quality at the site targeted for reintroduction, the choice of source population can be critical for success. The butterfly Melanargia russiae (Esper´s marbled white) was extirpated from Hungary over 100 years ago, and a reintroduction program has recently been approved. We used museum specimens of this butterfly, mitochondrial DNA data (mtDNA), endosymbiont screening, and climatic‐similarity analyses to determine which extant populations should be used for its reintroduction. The species displayed 2 main mtDNA lineages across its range: 1 restricted to Iberia and southern France (Iberian lineage) and another found throughout the rest of its range (Eurasian lineage). These 2 lineages possessed highly divergent wsp alleles of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia. The century‐old Hungarian specimens represented an endemic haplotype belonging to the Eurasian lineage, differing by one mutation from the Balkan and eastern European populations. The Hungarian populations of M. russiae occurred in areas with a colder and drier climate relative to most sites with extant known populations. Our results suggest the populations used for reintroduction to Hungary should belong to the Eurasian lineage, preferably from eastern Ukraine (genetically close and living in areas with the highest climatic similarity). Materials stored in museum collections can provide unique opportunities to document historical genetic diversity and help direct conservation.     

洞庭湖平原典型水稻土氮素固持动态及氮的残留形态

以洞庭湖平原2个典型水稻土（红黄泥和紫潮泥）为对象,采用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了淹水培养条件下稻草+硫铵配施（S+¹⁵NA）和单施硫铵（¹⁵NA）土壤微生物和粘土矿物对化肥氮的固定与释放及氮的残留形态.结果表明,淹水培养条件下B_N（SMBN）总体变化趋势是在培养前期达到峰值,而后逐渐下降,最后趋于稳定.固定态铵在整个试验期间变化相对较小,但也随培养时间的延长而减少.淹水培养条件下, B_N 以原有B_N为主.标记底物B_N的比例红黄泥为0.30%～6.67%;紫潮泥为1.00%～3.47%.微生物同化的标记底物硫铵氮的比例红黄泥为0.15%～20.65%,紫潮泥为2.06%～15.93%;有机无机配施处理(S+¹⁵NA)均大于单施化肥(¹⁵NA),红黄泥S+¹⁵NA处理平均为6.78%,高于红黄泥¹⁵NA处理;紫潮泥S+¹⁵NA处理（10.78%）也高于紫潮泥¹⁵NA处理.粘土矿物对标记底物氮的固定率,红黄泥为2.48%～10.57%,紫潮泥为12.55%～30.04%.红黄泥S+¹⁵NA处理平均为7.14%,低于红黄泥¹⁵NA 处理;紫潮泥S+¹⁵NA处理（21.53%）也低于紫潮泥¹⁵NA处理.淹水培养条件下底物硫铵氮的残留率均大于30%,有机无机配施处理提高了无机氮的残留率.红黄泥底物氮的残留形态主要为酸解有机氮（>72%）,而紫潮泥以酸解有机氮(44.0%～53.2%)和固定态铵(35.2%～37.5%)为主,两种土壤底物氮矿质氮形态残留在10%～20％之间.研究表明土壤对外源无机氮的固定与释放是一个动态的过程,施肥方式和土壤粘土矿物组成对该过程有重要影响.化肥和秸秆配合施用能增强微生物对无机氮的同化,降低土壤粘土矿物对无机氮的固持.有机无机配施处理在降低化肥氮损失的同时提高了酸不溶性氮态的残留率,降低了无机氮形态(固定态铵和矿质氮)的残留.     

陶庄矿区深井水位的发震信息

利用山东省枣庄市陶庄煤矿区鲁15井水位观测资料,采用多道Weiner滤波方法研究其中所隐含的孕震信息,结论是没有明显的矿震中期前兆异常,临震前兆异常明显,每次矿震前都有水位的短临变化。     

我国七个站点降雨和森林穿冠水中硝态氮同位素丰度

采集了我国7个站点的降雨和森林穿冠水样品,分析测定了水样中硝态氮和总氮的同位素丰度.降雨中硝态氮δ15N值范围为-9.00‰至9.71‰,其中北方站点冬季降雨中硝态氮δ15N值要远高于其他站点,可能是由于北方冬季燃煤供暖所致.穿冠水中硝态氮δ15N值范围为-16.59‰至-0.32‰,比降雨中的硝态氮δ15N值要低,其可能原因是林冠层中存在硝态氮的交换过程,从而产生了分馏作用.降雨和穿冠水中TN的δ15N值范围分别为-7.94‰至-3.07‰和-4.55‰至-1.73‰,其中穿冠水中TN的δ15N值要略高于降雨中的值.     

天然水体中铵态和硝态氮δ15N的测定

介绍了一种天然水体中铵态和硝态氮δ15N的测定方法,包括3个步骤:(1)离子交换法富集水中铵态和硝态氮;(2)蒸馏法进一步提纯铵态和硝态氮;(3)阳离子树脂萃取由转化和蒸馏得到的铵态氮,并将树脂干燥后送入元素分析仪串联质谱(EA-IRMS)测定δ15N.用这种方法处理NH4Cl和KNO3配制的人工模拟水样和野外采集的天然水样,发现δ15N-NH4+和δ15N-NO3-测定的准确性高、重复性好,人工模拟水样δ15N-NH4+的测定值和标准值相差0.560‰,δ15N-NO3-的测定值和标准值相差0.341‰,所有水样重复间的标准偏差在0.008‰—0.384‰之间.测定方法需要的水样体积较少,水样处理速度较快,离子交换后水样中的铵态和硝态氮可长期保存,适合野外天然水体δ15N测定.     

地下水NH4+-15N同位素测试技术进展

本文根据铵离子的物理化学性质,建立了各种测试分析技术.传统的NH4+_-15N同位素测试过程包括样品中NH4+的收集、转化为适于质谱分析的气态N2以及用15N同位素质谱进行分析.其中NH:的收集方法较多,包括蒸馏法、扩散法、离子交换柱法和沸石萃取法等.适于质谱分析气态N2的转化方法可分为化学湿法和干燃烧法.笔者就同位素分析测试过程中NH4+的收集、转化及15N测试各个步骤加以总结,分析各自方法的优缺点和适用范围,寻求问题的解决途径.并评述了最近出现的色谱-质谱联合分析法和叠氮法.最后对地下水NH4+-15N同位素测试技术的发展进行了展望,以期能够更广泛地应用于环境和水文地质领域.