伊乐藻-固定化脱氮微生物技术对入贡湖河道脱氮机制的影响

采用无扰动的入贡湖亲水河底泥柱芯以及上覆水进行实验,探究了伊乐藻与固定化脱氮微生物技术对受污染的入贡湖湾河道的生态修复效果.运用稳定性15N同位素配对技术和基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术探讨了伊乐藻与固定化脱氮微生物联用技术(E-INCB)对亲水河底泥的反硝化速率、厌氧氨氧化速率以及脱氮微生物群落多样性的影响.结果表明,添加了伊乐藻与固定化脱氮微生物以后,亲水河水质得到明显改善,TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N的去除率分别为72.03%、46.67%、76.65%,同时,添加了伊乐藻和固定化脱氮微生物以后,泥水界面的反硝化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌表现出协同作用关系,与对照组相比,反硝化速率和厌氧氨氧化速率增加量分别为165μmol·(m2·h)-1和269.7μmol·(m2·h)-1.反硝化细菌与厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落多样性明显增加,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobbacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)均具有优势增长.沉水植物与固定化脱氮微生物联用技术增强了河道底泥中的脱氮微生物多样性,进一步提高了亲水河的氮素脱除能力.     

C8-SBA-15新型介孔涂层SPME-HPLC联用测定水样中的芘

以辛基键合SBA- 15为固相微萃取(SPME)的吸附涂层,考察了吸附和解吸时间、萃取温度、搅拌速率对SPME效率的影响.该方法的线性范围为3.0-320μg/L,检出限为0.5μg/L,依据此方法测定了环境水样中芘,具有灵敏度高和精密度好的特点.     

Binding of trinitrotoluene (TNT) to water extractable humus

Solid-state ¹⁵N NMR was applied to the aqueous extracts of a ¹³C-enriched plant slurry (Lolium perenne), anaerobically incubated with ¹⁵N₃-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Almost all ¹⁵N₃-TNT transformation products became covalently bound to the plant-derived organic material extractable with water. DCPMAS ¹⁵N ¹³C NMR revealed a three-step reaction scheme. After reduction of TNT, the aryl amines are acetylated. Subsequent alkylation of the resulting amides strengthens the incorporation of TNT-transformation products into humic material. Comparable results have been recently obtained under aerobic conditions, which indicates that this pathway is a common process during biological TNT transformation.     

Spatial and temporal variation of below-ground N transfer from a leguminous tree to an associated grass in an agroforestry system

Nitrogen (N) transfer from leguminous trees can be a major N source for the associated crop in low-input agroforestry systems. The aim of this study was to identify the main climatic and soil factors controlling N transfer from the leguminous tree Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp to the associated grass Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) C.E. Hubb, in a 16-year-old tropical agroforestry system. Nitrogen transfer was estimated using the natural ¹⁵N abundance method. Before tree pruning, total N transfer represented 57% of the N uptake of the grass, including 31% coming from N₂ fixation. The spatial variation induced by the tree was well described by soil organic N content (ON). In this system, ON is an index of soil available N as well as of tree root density. Rainfall (R) and evapotranspiration (ETP) were the main climatic factors controlling N transfer. Multiple regression analysis indicated that R, ETP and ON explained 79% of the temporal and spatial variation of N transfer. Transferred N cannot be estimated after pruning because of the change in the isotopic signature of the soil N source. This was related to N release from root turnover. The results suggest that grass showed a preferential uptake of N coming from the tree, which could be due to a lower energy cost compared to obtaining absorbed N from the clayey soil used in this work.     

氨基改性SBA-15有序介孔材料对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附热力学特征研究

以硅酸钠为硅源,三嵌聚合物Pluronic P123为模板剂,采用水热-后期接枝的合成方法,制备出氨基改性SBA-15.用透射电镜、X射线衍射、氮气吸附-解吸和红外光谱等手段对其结构进行了表征.在此基础上,以改性SBA-15为吸附剂,通过批实验讨论了吸附时间、体系初始pH值和温度等对水溶液中Cd2+吸附的影响,并讨论了...     

Photocatalytic degradation of paraquat using nano-sized Cu-TiO2/SBA-15 under UV and visible light

Photocatalytic degradation of paraquat using mesoporous-assembled Cu-TiO₂/SBA15 under UV and visible light was investigated. The catalyst was synthesized by impregnation of Cu-TiO₂ colloids onto SBA-15. The colloids of Cu-TiO₂ were prepared via sol-gel method while the mesoporous support was prepared using hydrothermal technique. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, transmission electron microscopy, UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Zeta potential and X-ray adsorption spectroscopy. Results from characterizations showed that Cu doped TiO₂ had a small crystalline size and was well-dispersed on SBA-15. The inclusion of SBA-15 significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst. Among the three types of undoped catalyst in this study (P25, TiO₂, TiO₂/SBA-15), TiO₂/SBA-15 yielded the highest degradation of paraquat for all pH under UV illumination. Meanwhile 2 wt.% Cu-TiO₂/SBA-15 yielded the highest activity under visible light.     

Methodological approach for metal pollution evaluation in sediments collected from the Taranto Gulf

The concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, V, and Sn were determined in marine sediments collected from Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). The aim of this article is to study the methodological approach in order to evaluate total metal levels determined in marine sediments of a contaminated area (Taranto Gulf, Southern Italy), to identify contaminated areas and to predict adverse biological effects based on Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The results are discussed in relation to geological characteristics of sediments in order to define background levels and anthropogenic input. Experimental results were elaborated by multivariate statistical techniques and Geographical Information System (GIS) software. The geoaccumulation index I _geo and two sets of SQGs (in particular (a) the threshold effect level (TEL), the probable effect level (PEL) and (b) the effect range-low (ERL) and the effect range median (ERM)) have been used for environmental evaluation of metal concentrations. Results show that in Taranto coastal area, Mar Piccolo basin represents the most contaminated area. A comparison with results from other Mediterranean areas demonstrates that for some metals (such as Cd, Pb, and Hg) Taranto seas represent one of the most polluted areas in the Mediterranean Sea. A comparison of metal levels with SQGs also suggests an ecotoxicological risk for benthic organisms mainly in the first inlet of Mar Piccolo.     

Biodiesel production from a free fatty acid containing Karanja oil by a single-step heterogeneously catalyzed process

Karanja oil, containing 6.2% free fatty acids (FFAs), was considered for biodiesel production using a single-step solid-phase acid catalyzed process. Different types of zeolites and Amberlyst15 catalysts were tested and biodiesel was produced. Under similar conditions, the highest biodiesel yield was achieved using an Amberlyst15 catalyst, which contained 3–5% of moisture. The effects of operating parameters of the reaction such as reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and methanol-to-oil ratio were studied. An increase of methanol:oil ratio revealed a non-monotonic increase in biodiesel yields. Similar non-monotonic behavior was observed when Jatropha oil was used. Leaching and catalyst reusability were also considered. No significant effects of leaching were observed and catalyst reusability appeared to be affected by methanol interactions. The presence of a co-solvent, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), increased the biodiesel yield. Furthermore, an optimum amount of THF (THF:methanol volume ratio of 1:2) gave rise to the highest biodiesel yield. A biodiesel yield of 93% was achieved at 120 °C using a single-step process with Amberlyst15 as a catalyst, THF as a co-solvent, and a methanol:oil ratio of 30:1.     

有序介孔材料过滤脱除纳米颗粒物

多孔材料过滤去除环境纳米颗粒物(nanoparticles,NPs)是空气净化治理的重要方法之一.本文采用介孔分子筛(MCM-41、SBA-15)和有序介孔碳(CMK-3)这3种典型介孔材料对2~20 nm的NPs进行过滤脱除研究,旨在探索介孔材料在NPs过滤方面的应用可行性与相关理论基础.基于3种介孔材料的物理化学性质表征结果,通过本实验发现介孔材料孔道的最可几孔径以及一定量的介孔孔容是吸附NPs的关键,而微孔分布对去除NPs贡献不大.进一步对SBA-15在不同流量及不同颗粒床厚度下对NPs的去除进行了分析,发现纳米颗粒物的最易穿透粒径(most penetrating particle size,MPPS)随着流量的增大而减小,同时MPPS颗粒物的去除效率随之降低,且MPPS基本不受颗粒床厚度变化的影响.本研究为介孔材料过滤脱除NPs提供了技术依据.