漓江段地表水体旱季硝酸盐动态变化特征及其来源

2016年9月28日至12月28日期间对漓江段13个断面地表水进行取样,取样频率为半月1次,分析硝酸盐在旱季期间漓江段的时空变化特征,并利用¹⁵ N和¹⁸ O同位素技术分析漓江段硝酸盐的来源.结果表明：①漓江水体中硝酸盐浓度范围为0.46~18.48 mg·L^-1,平均值为6.18 mg·L^-1,对比中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）中规定的硝酸盐浓度（10 mg·L^-1）,旱季漓江水体中硝酸盐污染程度处于较低水平.②9~12月期间漓江各断面处硝酸盐浓度呈现缓慢递增趋势,主要受旱季降雨量、径流量及人类活动强度而变化;硝酸盐浓度自漓江上游至下游表现出"增-减-增"的变化趋势,主要是污染物逐段汇入且汇入量不断增加的结果.③旱季漓江水体中硝酸盐的主要来源为土壤有机氮、人畜粪便和污水排放的混合源,主要来源于居民生活污水、人畜粪便等.④为了更好地保护漓江水质,建议加大城市排污管网的建设、修建小型污水处理设施、提高污水处理率及污水排放标准,加强旅游环境管理和环境保护宣传,提高游客环境保护意识.     

秸秆还田对外源氮在土壤中转化及其微生物响应的影响

秸秆还田是农业生产上提高土壤肥力的重要措施,而秸秆中较高的碳氮比,使秸秆碳的利用率较低,温室气体排放较高,因此配施无机氮磷肥能够调控土壤中元素计量比,增加微生物活性和元素利用率,促进土壤肥力提升.本研究选择在模拟秸秆还田条件下,添加¹⁵ N标记的无机氮肥,研究不同养分肥料添加对土壤中外源氮转化与分配的影响,以及微生物响应特征.结果表明,秸秆添加增加了土壤和土壤溶液中铵态氮和总氮含量;秸秆与无机氮肥配施条件下,土壤中¹⁵ N-TN在100 d培养时期内基本保持在28~33 μg,¹⁵ N-NH₄⁺在前30 d培养时期内逐渐增加,而后逐渐降低;施P增加了土壤中¹⁵ N-TN和¹⁵ N-NH₄⁺的含量,却使土壤溶液中¹⁵ N量降低了28%.无机氮肥在土壤中的分配表明,¹⁵ N在土壤中的比例基本保持在52%~61%,磷肥的添加使¹⁵ N在土壤中的分配比例最大提高了16.5%,而土壤溶液中¹⁵ N的比例由第5 d的36%降低至100 d时30%,使外源¹⁵ N损失量减少了1.2倍.秸秆添加促进了微生物活性,显著提高了土壤MBN的量;而无机肥料的添加进一步促进了土壤微生物的活性,100 d培养实验后,秸秆与无机氮、磷肥同时添加使MBN增加到对照处理的2.0和2.2倍.磷肥添加促进了微生物对¹⁵ N的利用,使¹⁵ N-微生物生物量氮（¹⁵ N-MBN）的量比添加秸秆和氮肥处理的提高了1.5倍.对土壤氮转化酶活性（β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶,NAG）的研究结果表明,氮肥降低了土壤酶活性和底物亲和性,而氮磷肥同时添加时,酶活性较单加秸秆处理提高了48.1%.本研究可为深入了解稻田土壤生态系统氮循环、实现农田土壤肥力提升和温室气体减排提供理论依据.     

芬顿反应强化污泥脱水试验及机理研究

胞外聚合物(EPS)是影响剩余污泥脱水性能的关键因素。脱水试验过程中,将芬顿试剂和剩余污泥混合,控制芬顿试剂和稀硫酸的投加量,测定剩余污泥的毛细吸收时间和比阻,总结出芬顿反应对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响规律。试验表明:Fenton反应的最佳条件是pH为3,H_2O_2投加量为12.4g/L,Fe~(2+)投加量为1.5g/L,反应12min后,对应的毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥比阻(SRF)分别为21s和0.3×1012m/kg。分析表明:Fenton反应能够破坏剩余污泥中EPS的蛋白质和多糖成分,瓦解EPS锁水结构,改善污泥的脱水性能。     

Characterization and performance of Pt/SBA-15 for low-temperature SCR of NO by C3H6

Pt supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 was investigated as a catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO by C 3 H 6 in the presence of excess oxygen.The prepared catalysts were characterized by means of XRD,BET surface area,TEM,NO-TPD,NO/C 3 H 6-TPO,NH 3-TPD,XPS and 27 Al MAS NMR.The effects of Pt loading amount,O 2 /C 3 H 6 concentration,and incorporation of Al into SBA-15 have been studied.It was found that the removal efficiency increased significantly after Pt loading,but an optimal loading amount was observed.In particular,under an atmosphere of 150 ppm NO,150 ppm C 3 H 6,and 18 vol.% O 2,0.5% Pt/SBA-15 showed remarkably high catalytic performance giving 80.1% NOx reduction and 87.04% C 3 H 6 conversion simultaneously at 140°C.The enhanced SCR activity of Pt/SBA-15 is associated with its outstanding oxidation activities of NO to NO 2 and C 3 H 6 to CO 2 in low temperature range.The research results also suggested that higher concentration of O 2 and higher concentration of C 3 H 6 favored NO removal.The incorporation of Al into SBA-15 improved catalytic performance,which could be ascribed to the enhancement of catalyst surface acidity caused by tetrahedrally coordinated AlO 4.Moreover,the catalysts could be easily reused and possessed good stability.     

城市污水厌氧氨氧化工艺的菌群分析与效能评估

厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）是一种高效低耗的新型生物脱氮技术,在城市污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.在城市污水脱氮系统中,厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）是否存在、丰度如何及Anammox脱氮效能如何,是进行Anammox评估的重要指标.本研究重点介绍了在生物脱氮系统中进行AnAOB菌种测定和菌群结构分析的分子生物学技术及Anammox脱氮贡献率的计算方法 .结果发现,对于AnAOB的菌种测定和菌群结构分析,可采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链锁反应（qPCR）、16S rRNA高通量测序和宏基因组测序等分子生物学技术;Anammox脱氮贡献率可通过物料衡算法和¹⁵N同位素示踪法计算.同时,对这些评估方法存在的一些局限性也进行了阐述.总体而言,如何科学、有效、全面地评估Anammox在生物脱氮系统中发挥的作用仍是一个需要长期探究的课题.但随着相关研究的不断深入,检测手段和分析方法也会得到不断优化,这将为Anammox工艺的理论研究及工程应用提供重要支持.     

光合细菌PSB07-15对辣椒及土壤中甲氰菊酯残留的生物修复

利用光合细菌菌株PSB07-15对辣椒促生作用及对植株与土壤中甲氰菊酯残留的生物修复进行了研究,为光合细菌生物修复菊酯类农药残留的实际应用提供科学依据。结果表明：菌株PSB07-15菌液用ddH2O稀释100倍液、200倍液浸种处理后能够显著提高辣椒种子发芽率;田间小区试验结果表明,菌株PSB07-15施用1 875、3 750、7 500 mL.hm-2,辣椒鲜质量分别增加15.12%、21.68%、14.79%;菌株PSB07-15能够有效降解辣椒和土壤中甲氰菊酯残留（辣椒中大于47.20%,土壤中大于50.73%）。     

农田退水期阿什河氮污染特征及来源解析

利用水质监测技术和稳定同位素示踪技术,对春季农田退水期阿什河河水中ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(TN)特征进行研究并对氮污染来源进行解析. 结果表明,ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(TN)除在阿什河上游源头区水体中较低外,其余大部分区域均较高. 上游源头区采样点 δ 15N值为3.68‰～6.09‰,主要受大气沉降氮和土壤有机氮的污染;中下游区域中一部分采样点δ15N值为5.32‰～7.72‰,主要受农田退水和农村生活污水影响,另一部分采样点δ15N值为8.45‰～11.86‰,主要受畜禽养殖污水影响较大;下游采样点δ15N值较低(3.25‰～4.15‰),主要受工业来源废水污染. 农田,特别是河流两岸的稻田退水对阿什河水质影响较大;城区对阿什河TN和NH₄+-N影响较大,对NO₃--N影响较小.      

华北平原冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原冬小麦种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,本研究对前人的试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮和土壤氮三者之间的关系,探索冬小麦季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况.结果表明:华北平原冬小麦当季化肥氮的吸收量随施氮量的增加而升高,对土壤氮素的吸收随施氮量的增加而降低;在秸秆50%还田和100%还田两种情况下,土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间均呈线性极显著正相关,且土壤氮库达到平衡时的施氮量分别是 N 192和166 kg·hm-2;冬小麦对氮肥的吸收利用率推荐施氮远高于传统施氮,过量施氮不仅不会提高作物产量,还会降低氮肥利用率,增加土壤残留和损失;3种秸秆处理方式下的冬小麦氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间均呈显著线性相关关系,秸秆不还田条件下的地上部吸收率、秸秆吸收率和秸秆50%还田下的地上部吸收率及秸秆100%还田下的0~100 cm土壤残留率均与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间呈显著相关关系.     

New method for acrylic acid recovery from industrial waste water via esterification with 2-ethyl hexanol

Acrylic acid (AA) is an important component for the production of acrylate polymer. In a typical acrylic manufacturing unit, waste water contains AA in a range of 4–15 wt.% contributes to the high values of chemical oxygen demand. Due to the toxicity of AA to the aquatic organism, this wastewater should be treated before it is discharged to the environment. The waste water could be evaporated before sending to the incineration which was neither economic feasible nor environmental friendly. Esterification of wastewater containing carboxylic acid with alcohol could be a promising method to recover the acid by converting it to ester while purifying the wastewater. In the present study, recovery of AA via esterification with 2-ethyl hexanol (2EH) was investigated. The model industrial wastewater with various concentration of AA (10–100% w/w) was reacted with 2EH to produce 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate (2EHA) in the setups with total reflux and continuously water removal. These Amberlyst-15 (ion exchange resin) catalyzed reactions were carried out under the mass transfer resistance free region. The performance of both systems was compared. The yield for the reactions of the AA solutions with the AA concentrations of 30–80% was enhanced significantly when the reactions were carried out using the second setup. The kinetic data of the esterification of dilute AA was well described by the Eley–Rideal (ER) kinetic model incorporated with a correction factor to consider the catalyst fouling effect and pseudo-homogeneous (PH) kinetic model for the AA polymerization. The findings have shown the potential of recovering AA from the waste water stream via esterification. The concentrated AA solutions or larger amount of inhibitor should be adopted to prevent the catalyst fouling by the deposition of poly-acrylic acid on the catalyst surface.     

华北平原夏玉米季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原夏玉米种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,对前人的15N示踪试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮、土壤氮三者之间的关系,探明夏玉米季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况。结果表明：华北平原地区玉米产量最高时施氮量平均为190 kg·hm-2;秸杆吸氮量高于籽粒,且吸氮量随施氮量增加而升高,土壤残留量和损失量有随施氮量增加而增加的趋势;土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间呈现线性极显著正相关,在秸秆50%和100%还田的两种条件下,施氮量为198 kg·hm-2和137 kg·hm-2时,土壤氮库达到平衡;推荐施氮条件下夏玉米对氮肥的吸收利用率远高于传统施氮,过量施氮会引起作物产量和氮肥利用率降低的负效应,增加土壤氮素残留和损失;施氮量在40~360 kg·hm-2范围内时,3种秸秆处理方式下,氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量之间均呈显著线性相关关系;而氮肥各去向比率与施氮量之间只有地上部吸收率和籽粒吸收率与施氮量之间呈显著线性相关关系。由此,明确了华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量：秸秆50%还田时,为198 kg·hm-2;秸秆100%还田时,为137 kg·hm-2,揭示了华北平原夏玉米施氮量与土壤氮库盈亏量呈线性极显著正相关。这为确定华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量,提高氮肥利用率,避免肥料浪费及其对环境的危害提供了理论依据。