杭州G20减排措施对大气水溶性离子特征的影响

利用2016年颗粒物及水溶性离子采样数据,研究了杭州G20峰会减排措施对大气中无机水溶性离子特征的影响.结果表明,杭州G20峰会减排措施对大气水溶性离子的质量浓度、组成结构、酸碱性等皆存在明显影响.减排措施实施使大气颗粒物和水溶性离子质量浓度下降,受影响的离子主要是NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₂^-,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-质量浓度的下降使NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-成为浓度前3位的离子.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺粒径分布呈单峰型,其中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺峰值出现在0.65~1.10mm,Ca²⁺峰值出现在5.80~9.00mm,Na⁺、Cl^-、K⁺呈双峰分布,峰值皆出现在3.30~4.70mm和0.65~1.10mm,Na⁺两峰值相当,K⁺、Cl^-在0.65~1.10mm峰值较高.减排措施实施使大气中主要无机盐从NH₄NO₃、（NH₄）₂SO₄、NH₄Cl转变为NH₄Cl、NaCl、KCl,大气颗粒物碱性总体增强.本文研究成果对采取措施改善空气质量具有指导作用.     

海洋环境下舰载系留气球缆绳与球体的动态仿真分析

目的研究舰载系留气球在海洋环境下对系留缆绳以及球体姿态的影响。方法采用ADAMS二次开发宏命令来建立离散化系留缆绳模型,并将离散化系留缆绳几何模型在相邻微段圆柱间添加Bushing轴套力,设置相关刚性系数和阻尼系数获得完整特效的缆绳模型。同时根据船用起重机的相关设计规范,考虑船体横摇5°和纵摇2°等运动影响,分析船体运动情况可知,纵摇时系留缆绳下端系固点位置较之横摇波动幅度更大,对缆绳的影响更大,因此主要研究船体纵摇2°情况下对于系留缆绳的影响,并分析对比船体静止以及船体纵摇2°情况下对于舰载系留气球系留缆绳以及球体姿态的影响。结果获得了在船体静止状态以及纵摇激励影响下舰载系留气球系留缆绳张力变化曲线以及球体姿态变化曲线。船体纵摇2°情况时,系留缆绳在仿真开始阶段承受冲击载荷较大,峰值达到150 kN,随后缆绳载荷基本在25 k N上下浮动。张力变化曲线整体呈现周期变化,周期与船体纵摇周期一致,为10 s。球体横滚角和航向角变化与船体静止状下仿真结果基本一致,球体俯仰角变化幅度较大。结论船体纵摇时会对系留缆绳带来较大的冲击载荷,同时对球体的俯仰姿态产生影响。该仿真结果对舰载系留气球的可行性分析和适装性研究以及系留缆绳的选用具有较大的指导意义。     

A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ flushing for removal of arsenic in contaminated soil

Phytoremediation and soil washing are both potentially useful for remediating arsenic(As)-contaminated soils.We evaluated the effectiveness of a combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ soil flushing for removal of As in contaminated soil through a pilot study.The results showed that growing Pteris vittata L.(P.v.) accompanied by soil flushing of phosphate(P.v./Flushing treatment) could significantly decrease the total As concentration of soil over a 37 day flushing period compared with the single flushing(Flushing treatment).The P.v./Flushing treatment removed 54.04% of soil As from contaminated soil compared to 47.16% in Flushing treatment,suggesting that the growth of P.vittata was beneficial for promoting the removal efficiency.We analyzed the As fractionation in soil and As concentration in soil solution to reveal the mechanism behind this combined process.Results showed that comparing with the control treatment,the percent of labile arsenate fraction significantly increased by 17% under P.v./Flushing treatment.As concentration in soil solution remained a high lever during the middle and later periods(51.26–56.22 mg/L),which was significantly higher than the Flushing treatment.Although soil flushing of phosphate for more than a month,P.vittata still had good accumulation and transfer capacity of As of the soil.The results of the research revealed that combination of phytoremediation and in situ soil flushing is available to remediate As-contaminated soils.     

Sustainable development principles for the disposal of mining and mineral processing wastes

This paper examines the minerals industry's response to sustainable development in the area of waste disposal and argues that leadership and guidance are still needed to forge collective agreement on norms and standards of practise. To encourage further debate, the paper develops a set of sustainable development principles for the disposal of mining and mineral processing wastes, and discusses the implications for current and future practise. In practise, the principles can guide waste disposal decisions through the consideration of what risk and magnitude, in any given local context, a particular management solution poses to their application. The sustainability challenge in the management of tailings and waste rock is to dispose of material, such that it is inert or, if not, stable and contained, to minimise water and energy inputs and the surface footprint of wastes and to move toward finding alternate uses. Future trends in mining and processing may compound the challenges of waste management, as lower ore grades increase the ratio of waste produced for a given unit of resource, and emphasise the urgency and need for the industry to adopt new approaches. New technologies and innovations, such as thickened tailings, dry stacking and paste backfill, have greatly increased the waste disposal methods available to meet the future challenges to sustainable development.     

盐生小藜对碱性土壤的修复作用研究

以碱性植物小藜为研究对象,在威海市高区玛珈山上提取实验组与对照组的土壤,分别测定能够描述土壤性质数据,通过比较实验组、对照组以及培养组中土壤颗粒关于空气体积、贮水能力、有机质含量、pH值之间的不同,分析得出盐生植物小藜对盐碱土具有修复作用.结合实际情况讨论在海边盐碱地上种植小藜的意义,为其他盐生植物的研究提供依据.     

入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物对杂草叶绿素含量的影响

研究了华南地区外来入侵植物三裂叶蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata L.)挥发物对本地区3种主要杂草的叶绿素含量的影响,以揭示其化感作用的机理。结果表明:三裂叶蟛蜞菊植株挥发物和挥发油对稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)和青葙(Celosia argentea L.)叶绿素含量有明显的抑制作用。在同一实验条件下,250.0 g三裂叶蟛蜞菊新鲜茎叶及含有0.10 mL、0.25 mL和0.50 mL挥发油容器中生长的稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的叶绿素含量明显减少,稗草的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少56.5%、41.9%、49.6%和64.9%;三叶鬼针草的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少6.45%、4.35%、15.3%和24.8%;青葙的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少53.3%、17.6%、33.3%和71.5%。结论:三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用可使受体植物的叶绿素含量减少。其作用机理值得深入研究。     

Quantifying the effect of strong ignition sources on particle preconditioning and distribution in the 20-L chamber

Computational fluid dynamics is used to investigate the preconditioning aspect of overdriving in dust explosion testing. The results show that preconditioning alters both the particle temperature and distribution prior to flame propagation in the 20-L chamber. A parametric study gives the fluid pressure and temperature, and particle temperature and concentration at an assumed flame kernel development time (10 ms) for varying ignitor size and particle diameter. For the 10 kJ ignitor with 50% efficiency, polyethylene particles under 50 μm reach 400 K and may melt prior to flame propagation. Gases from the ignitor detonation displace the dust from the center of the chamber and may increase local particle concentration up to two times the nominal value being tested. These effects have important implications for explosive testing of dusts in the 20-L chamber and comparing to larger 1-m³ testing, where these effects may be negligible.     

The terms of trade debate and the policy implications for primary product producers

The terms of trade debate initiated by Raul Prebisch and Hans Singer over 60 years ago continues to this day and is unlikely to be resolved soon. However, even if Prebisch and Singer are right and the terms of trade of countries exporting primary products are falling, to suggest that these countries should diversify away from the production of mineral commodities and other primary products, as many have done, may be poor policy advice, encouraging countries to abandon a promising source of wealth with which to foster economic development.     

Lithium availability in the EU27 for battery-driven vehicles: The impact of recycling and substitution on the confrontation between supply and demand until2050

The adverse impacts of climate change are widely recognized as well as the importance of the mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Battery driven vehicles are expected to have a bright future, since GHG emissions can be reduced. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries appear to be the most promising, due to their high energy density. Recently, the discussion concerning adequate lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) resources is resolved. The current challenge is the needed increase in flow rate of Li₂CO₃ into society to foresee in forecasted demand. This research determines ten factors which influence the availability of Li-ion batteries for the EU27 in the coming decades. They are used in a system dynamics analysis. The results of this research show that undersupply can be expected in the EU27 until 2045 somewhere between 0.5 Mt and 2.8 Mt. Substitution of Li₂CO₃ in other end-use markets and recycling can relieve the strain on Li₂CO₃ supply to some extent. In 2050, 20% of the vehicle fleet in the EU27 can be battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The lack of resources in the EU27 and the geographical distribution of lithium in politically sensitive areas suggest that the shares of lithium available for the EU27 will be less than assumed in this research. The increase in flow rate shows to be the bottle-neck for a transition to (partly) battery driven vehicles in the EU27, at least when Li-ion batteries are used. Focusing on large-scale application of BEVs with Li-ion batteries in order to substantially mitigate CO₂ emissions in transport is a futile campaign.     

Dynamic relationship between precious metals

We use a relatively new approach to endogenously detect the volatility shifts in the returns of four major precious metals (gold, silver, platinum and palladium) from 1999 to 2013. We reveal that the turbulent year of 2008 has no significant effect on volatility levels of gold and silver however causes an upward shift in the volatility levels of palladium and platinum. Using the consistent dynamic conditional correlations, we show that precious metals get strongly correlated with each other in the last decade which reduces the diversification benefits across them and indicates a convergence to a single asset class. We endogenously detect the shifts in these dynamic correlation levels and reveal uni-directional volatility shift contagions among precious metals. The results show that gold has a uni-directional volatility shift contagion effect on all other precious metals and silver has a similar effect on platinum and palladium. However, the latter two do not matter in terms of volatility shift contagion. Thus, investors that hedge with precious metals should, in particular, monitor the volatility levels of gold and silver.