三个苜蓿品种对镉污染的生理生态反应及抗性比较

研究了镉对苜蓿(3个品种)发芽势、发芽率、根长、芽长、根鲜重等形态指标和SOD活性等生理指标的影响,以及镉污染期细胞膜透性的变化情况。探讨了镉胁迫下3个苜蓿品种抗性的差异,结果表明:30mg.L-1 Cd处理,严重抑制胚根、胚芽的增长,且鲜重急剧下降,随Cd处理质量浓度加大,3个品种SOD活性都呈上升趋势,其中多叶苜蓿升幅最大。高Cd处理(50 mg.L-1),3个品种SOD活性均有所下降。重度胁迫下,3个品种相对电导率和地上部Cd含量都增大,且品种间差异显著,相对电导率以多叶苜蓿最小,准格尔苜蓿最大,Cd含量的顺序为准格尔苜蓿>肇东苜蓿>多叶苜蓿。综合评价多叶苜蓿抗性较强,肇东苜蓿次之,准格尔苜蓿抗性较弱。     

Chemical defence in chewing and sucking insect herbivores: Plant-derived cardenolides in the monarch butterfly and oleander aphid

Summary Cardenolide sequestration by a hemimetabolous aphid and a holometabolous butterfly from the neotropical milkweed,Asclepias curassavica L., is compared. The oleander aphid,Aphis nerii B. de F., sequestered a similarly narrow range of cardenolide concentrations to the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus (L.), from the wide range of concentrations available in leaves of A.curassavica. However, A.nerii sequestered significantly less cardenolide (269 µg/0.1 g) thanD. plexippus (528 µg/0.1 g). The honeydew excreted by A.nerii was comprised of 46% cardenolide. The complete polarity range of 25 cardenolides detected by thin layer chromatography in A.curassavica was represented in the 17 whole aphid cardenolides and the 20 aphid honeydew cardenolides detected. D.plexippus sequestered a narrower polarity range of 11 cardenolides, having eliminated low polarity cardenolide genins and glycosides. It is suggested that these chemical differences may be related to interactions among the broad feeding tactics of sucking or chewing milkweed leaves, life history constraints of holometabolyversus hemimetaboly, the distribution of milkweed food resources in space and time, and the dynamics of natural enemies.     

Bark salicylates and condensed tannins reduce vole browsing amongst cultivated dark-leaved willows (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix myrsinifolia</Emphasis>)

Summary. Vole feeding amongst herbal willows that have a high concentration of salicylates in their bark and leaves, and may therefore be cultivated for use as raw material for herbal medicine was tested in the field and in laboratory conditions. Eight clones of dark-leaved willow (Salix myrsinifolia Salisb.) were cultivated for two years with six different methods combining three fertilisation levels (none, low and high), black plastic mulch applied for suppressing weed competition and unmulched control. Samples for the laboratory feeding trial were taken from the unfertilised plants during willow winter dormancy and twigs were fed to 16 voles as a multi-choice experiment. The bark area removed was calculated from image analysis of the material left by the voles. The diameter and the bark thickness of the twigs were measured. Concentrations of salicin, salicortin, HCH-salicortin, picein, triandrin, triandrin derivative, gallocatechin, (+)-catechin, luteolin-7-glucoside, hyperin, total condensed tannins and total nitrogen were measured from the twigs fed to voles in the laboratory. Browsing by a natural population of voles amongst winter-dormant willows was measured in the field. In the laboratory, voles browsed on 80% of the twigs and in the field voles browsed on 33% of the twigs. Vole feeding followed similar patterns in the field and in the laboratory experiment; feeding was clearly higher amongst the plants grown in unmulched control compared to those in plastic mulch. The same clones, 1, 2 and 6 were preferred in both experiments. Voles preferred thin twigs to thick ones. Feeding correlated negatively with concentrations of salicylates and tannins. As vole feeding seems to be highly affected by willow cultivation method and plant genotype, careful selection of cultivated clones and cultivation methods can enhance the reliability of herbal willow cultivation.     

临近空间环境探空火箭膨胀落球探测技术

针对临近空间大气环境探测需求,介绍了一种可用于30~100 km临近空间大气密度、风场、温度和气压的原位探测技术——探空火箭膨胀落球探测技术,阐述了其探测原理、系统组成和探测过程,采用仿真方法模拟了膨胀落球的探测数据,并利用模拟探测数据成功反演了30~100 km临近空间大气密度、风场、温度和气压等大气产品。该技术具有探测要素多、探测高度范围广、载荷成本低、设备较为简单等特点,对于我国临近空间环境探测和环境研究具有重要意义。     

Assembly of SPS/MgSi assisted by dopamine with excellent removal performance for ciprofloxacin

In this work, magnesium silicate-based sulfonated polystyrene sphere composites (SPS/MgSi) were synthesized by one-step (SMD1) and two-step (SMD2) methods. For SMD1, MgSi particles were densely assembled on the surface of SPS, assisted by complexation between Fe³⁺ and hydroxyl phenol. For SMD2, SPS/SiO₂ was firstly obtained by the same method as SMD1, and then SPS/SiO₂ was transformed directly to SPS/MgSi under hydrothermal conditions. Therefore, MgSi obtained by the two-step method had an interwoven structure. Compared to SPS, MgSi and SMD1, SMD2 presented a larger specific surface area and more negative surface charges. Therefore, SMD2 showed superior adsorption performance toward CIP with concentrations of 5, 10 and 50 mg/L, and for 50 mg/L, the equilibrium adsorption capacity could reach 329.7 mg/g. The adsorption process is fast and can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The relationship between pH value and Zeta potential demonstrated that electrostatic interaction dominated the adsorption process. In addition, competitive adsorption showed that the effect of Na⁺ was negligible but the effect of Ca²⁺ was dependent on its concentration. Humid acid (HA) could slightly promote the absorption of CIP by SMD2. After five rounds of adsorption-desorption, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of SMD2 still remained at 288.6 mg/L for 50 mg/L CIP. Notably, SMD2 presented likewise superior adsorption capacity for CIP with concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L in Minjiang source water. All the results indicated that this synthesis method is universal and that SMD2 has potential as an adsorbent for CIP removal from aquatic environments.     

Mn对超富集植物短毛蓼和水蓼生长、Mn吸收及氮素代谢的影响

摘要：采用水培的方法,研究了不同浓度Mn（0.0003、0.5、1、2、4、8 mmol•L-1）对Mn超富集植物短毛蓼（Polygonum pubescens Blume）和水蓼（Polygonum hydropiper L.）叶片铵态氮、硝态氮、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质含量及氮素代谢关键酶：硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合酶（GOGAT）和谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性的影响。结果表明,随着Mn处理浓度的增加,短毛蓼和水蓼的根、茎、叶中Mn含量显著增加（p < 0.05）,在相同Mn处理浓度下短毛蓼中的Mn含量均大于同部位水蓼中的Mn含量。在Mn处理浓度小于1 mmol•L-1时,Mn对短毛蓼的株高、株重影响不明显,但对水蓼的影响显著（p < 0.05）,表明短毛蓼比水蓼更耐Mn污染。Mn处理显著降低了短毛蓼硝态氮含量（p < 0.05）,提高了可溶性蛋白质含量,8 mmol•L-1的Mn处理显著提高了水蓼硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性蛋白质含量以及短毛蓼、水蓼游离脯氨酸含量,在Mn浓度为8 mmol•L-1时,短毛蓼、水蓼叶片中游离脯氨酸的含量分别为对照的1.18倍和1.68倍,表明游离脯氨酸在解Mn毒害过程中起重要作用。Mn引起了短毛蓼和水蓼氮素代谢关键酶活性的变化,显著降低了水蓼叶片NR、短毛蓼叶片GS活性（p < 0.05）;在Mn处理浓度为1 mmol•L-1时,短毛蓼叶片NR活性最高,为对照的1.91倍,而2、4、8 mmol•L-1 Mn处理显著降低了短毛蓼和水蓼GOGAT活性（p<0.05）。另外,Mn处理显著提高了短毛蓼和水蓼叶片GDH活性（p < 0.05）,在Mn处理浓度为8 mmol•L-1时,短毛蓼、水蓼叶片GDH的活性分别为对照的16.29倍和1.29倍。     

重度富营养化水培条件下烟草的生长特性及其净化效果的研究

研究了烟草在重度富营养化水培条件下的生长特性、根的解剖结构,对其净化效果进行了观测,并对烟草在重度富营养化水中的生长特性变化原因、适应机理进行了探讨。     

植物修复过程中蜈蚣草对土壤养分的吸收动态:5年田间定位试验

鉴于砷超富集植物蜈蚣草已被成功地用于修复砷污染土壤,本研究通过连续5年的植物修复田间试验,研究了土壤氮、磷、钾的消减动态和蜈蚣草对土壤氮、磷和钾的吸收动态.结果表明:种植蜈蚣草可使土壤全氮含量降低约25%(2100～2700mg.kg-1),土壤全磷和全钾含量的年际变化不明显;蜈蚣草地上部氮、磷和钾含量分别为1.23～2.38、0.14～0.47和1.10～2.01g.kg-1,地上部带走的总氮、总磷和总钾量分别为23～89、4.4～13.0和21～69kg.hm-2.a-1;与水稻和小麦相比,蜈蚣草对氮、磷和钾的吸收量都较低,但如果在连续种植过程中不施肥,蜈蚣草则可能会出现养分亏缺问题.     

酞酸酯在海河干流水体和菹草中的分布

于2008年3月29日~5月25日对海河干流水体和水生植物菹草中酞酸酯的分布进行了采样调查.结果表明,海河干流水体和菹草中均检出了酞酸二丁酯(DBP)和酞酸二异辛酯(DEHP),水体中DBP、DEHP的浓度分别为0.35~40.68μg/L(均值7.32μg/L)和3.54~101.2μg/L(21.72μg/L);菹草中DBP、DEHP浓度分别为0.007~0.242μg/g(0.078μg/g)和0.163~1.286μg/g(0.457μg/g),菹草生长旺盛期DBP和DEHP浓度最高,浓度变化主要受水体中DBP和DEHP浓度的影响;菹草中DBP和DEHP的PCF值显著大于1,为生长初期最高,衰败期最低;DBP在菹草中浓度及其PCF值均低于DEHP.海河水体中菹草生物巨大,因此菹草是酞酸酯这类疏水性有机污染物的一个重要的汇.     

苯并(α)芘与砷在蜈蚣草中的赋存转运规律及其交互作用

蜈蚣草能够超累积土壤中的砷,对土壤环境中的多环芳烃也具有较好的耐受能力,是修复砷和多环芳烃复合污染的理想修复手段之一.为探究在苯并（a）芘和砷（As）单独污染和复合污染条件下的蜈蚣草对两种污染物的吸收转运,通过水培模拟实验揭示蜈蚣草体内砷与苯并（a）芘的交互作用,同时采用双光子激光共聚焦扫描显微技术检测观察苯并（a）芘在蜈蚣草中的赋存和分布.结果表明,添加苯并（a）芘使得蜈蚣草各部分总砷含量均下降.其中,叶、茎、根分别下降149.4、78.59、47.05 mg·kg^-1（以DW计）（p<0.05）,叶部下降幅度最大,达到47.3%,根部及茎部含量分别下降了40.9%和38.2%（p<0.05）.同时苯并（a）芘的添加也改变了砷在蜈蚣草体内的赋存形态,根部与叶部三价砷的比例分别下降了3.87%、4.20%（p<0.05）,而茎部两种砷形态比例无显著变化.砷的添加促进了蜈蚣草各部分对苯并（a）芘的积累,每株根部、茎部和叶部的累积量分别增加了4680、109.26和226.61 ng（p<0.05）,说明苯并（a）芘和砷在蜈蚣草植株中交互作用显著,砷的添加不会改变苯并（a）芘的赋存位点,但会增强蜈蚣草对于苯并（a）芘吸收,而苯并（a）芘的添加则会抑制砷的吸收,苯并（a）芘首先由蜈蚣草根部表皮细胞吸收,通过茎部的U型维管束及茎部外缘细胞转运到叶部,赋存于叶部的表皮细胞、叶脉组织及气孔细胞当中.