长穗颈(eui)水稻上部节间伸长与植物激素的关系

选取含有诱变的长穗颈基因eui1、eui2和野生型基因Eui的水稻(OryzasativaL.)协青早保持系3个等基因系,通过供试植株在不同生育期的GA1和ABA含量测定及喷施GA合成抑制剂,并辅之器官删除试验等方法,探索长穗颈水稻上部节间伸长的生理机制.结果表明,在抽穗期,含eui1的协青早保持系XeB1幼穗和剑叶里的GA1含量显著增加,分别约为对照协青早B的16倍和3.4倍,其GA1/ABA比值也明显增加;含eui2的XeB2幼穗和剑叶里的GA1含量显著提高,但仅在剑叶里GA1/ABA比值明显增加,其幼穗内的GA1水平显著低于XeB1.GA合成抑制剂S3307处理使XeB1和XeB2的株高生长均受到严重抑制.删除幼穗使XeB1最上节间伸长的受抑程度远大于XeB2和XB.由此推测,在抽穗期,eui1能使水稻自身产生GA1,高含量的GA1诱导了长穗颈水稻最上节间的剧烈伸长;在促进最上节间的伸长方面eui1强于eui2.图5表1参12     

盐生植物在盐渍土壤改良中的作用

盐生植物盐爪爪〔Kalidiumfoliatum (Pall.)Moq.〕、盐地碱蓬 (SuaedasalsaL .Pall)、中亚滨藜 (AtriplexcentralasiatieaIljin)、西伯利亚白刺 (NitrariasibiricaPall) ,在中国禹城地区〔φ(N) =36°5 5′,λ(E) =116°40′〕含盐量较高 (1%～ 1.3%)的试验田中分别种植 .出苗后定苗 ,株密度n =80m-2 ,小区面积为 4m2 ,每种植物 3个重复 .种植前分别测定土壤Na+ 含量 ,N、P、K含量 ,有机质含量 ,细菌和真菌数量 .萌发后 15d测定植株干重、植株Na+ 含量 .在花芽形成期收获 ,再测定植物干重和植株Na+ 含量 ,以及土壤Na+ 含量 ,N、P、K含量 ,有机质含量 ,细菌和真菌数量 .结果发现 ,盐渍土壤种植 4种盐生植物 1个季度后 ,土壤Na+ 含量显著降低 ,每季盐爪爪从土壤中吸收Na+ 量 934 5 .6kg/hm2 ,盐地碱蓬吸收Na+ 量 6 85 1.4kg/hm2 ,西伯利亚白刺吸收 6 0 19.2kg/hm2 ,中亚滨藜吸收 6 0 98.4kg/hm2 .土壤有机质 ,N、P、K以及细菌和真菌数量也有不同程度的增加 .这再次证明 ,盐生植物是一类良好的吸盐植物 .并对盐渍土壤种植盐生植物后Na+盐降低、土壤肥力和微生物数量增加的原因进行了讨论 .表 7参 13     

Mortality rate and population density regulation in the great tit, Parus major L.: A review

A comparative analysis of published estimates of survival rates in different populations of great tits is made separately for adult and juvenile birds. The relationship between environmental conditions and demographic parameters in the reproduction of populations is discussed. Published in Russian in Ekologiya, 2006, No. 3, pp. 199–207. The article was translated by the author.     

Tween 20 and Its Major Free Fatty Acids as Carbon Substrates for the Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853

The ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 to grow and synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using Tween 20 as the sole carbon source was investigated. Tween 20 could support cell growth and PHA production. The polymer produced from Tween 20 was compared with those produced from its major free fatty acids components: lauric (C₁₂), myristic (C₁₄), and palmitic (C₁₆) acids. Gas-chromatographic analysis of methanolyzed samples and ¹³C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) showed that the PHAs obtained are composed of even carbon atoms 3-hydroxyalkanoates ranging from C₆ to C₁₄, with C₈ and C₁₀ as the predominant components. The nature of the carbon sources used had little influence on the composition, but was found to be important in determining the average molecular weight, shorter chain fatty acids yielding higher molecular weight products. Fast Atom Bombardment-Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS) of partially pyrolyzed samples, coupled to statistical analysis, showed that these PHAs are random copolymers.     

城市污泥及落叶蚯蚓处理最优条件因子实验研究

蚯蚓的环境生态作用具有促进微生物和其他土壤动物活动、消化分解土壤中重金属的功能,并且能够破碎与分解枯落物。通过城市污泥和城市落叶发酵后建立起蚯蚓养殖基床,以赤子爱胜蚓为主体,通过蚯蚓对污泥中重金属的富集作用实现城市污泥无害化,达到城市污泥与落叶资源化的目的。通过设计四因子四水平正交试验探索赤子爱胜蚓处理城市污泥及落叶的最优条件组合。实验结果表明:在落叶添加比例为35%,蚓床湿度为75%,培养温度为14℃,饲养密度为32mg/g时,赤子爱胜蚓对城市污泥和落叶的处理指标达到峰值,蚯蚓床对于污泥中重金属Cu和Zn的富集量分别为274.32μg/箱和420.98μg/箱,处理效果最佳。     

The “second dividend” and the demographic structure

The demographic structure of a country influences economic activity. The “second dividend” modifies growth. Accordingly, in general equilibrium, the second dividend and the demographic structure are interrelated. This paper aims at assessing empirically the “second dividend” in a dynamic, empirical and intertemporal setting that allows for measuring its impact on growth, its intergenerational redistributive effects, and its interaction with the demographic structure. The paper uses a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations, an energy module and a public finance module that distinguishes between non-ageing-related public spending and a pension regime. Policy scenarios compare the consequences of different scenarios of recycling a carbon tax through lower proportional income taxes rather than higher public lump-sum expenditures. They are computed for two countries with different demographics (France and Germany). Results suggest that the magnitude of the “second dividend” is significantly related with the demographic structure. The more concentrated the demographic structure on cohorts with higher income and saving rate, the stronger the effect on capital supply of the second dividend. The second dividend weighs on the welfare of relatively aged working cohorts. It fosters the wellbeing of young working cohorts and of future generations. The more concentrated the demographic structure on aged working cohorts, the higher the intergenerational redistributive effects of the second dividend.     

硝普钠对镧胁迫下黑麦草幼苗光合特性及矿质元素吸收的影响

为了探讨一氧化氮(NO)对镧(La)胁迫下牧草生理响应的调节作用,采用水培方法,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对300μmol·L-1LaCl3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗光合特性及矿质元素吸收的影响.结果表明,在La胁迫下,喷施50μmol·L-1SNP显著提高了黑麦草根尖和叶片中NO的含量,叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭(qP)和地上部K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn及根系K、Ca、Mg、P、Zn、Fe含量显著提高;叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、非光化学猝灭(NPQ)及地上部La、P和根系Mn含量明显降低.表明NO可通过改善叶片光合活性,维持矿质元素平衡,从而缓解La胁迫对黑麦草光合作用的抑制.     

翅碱蓬对石油烃污染的海岸带修复的初步研究

研究了翅碱蓬对石油烃污染的天津渤海湾河口海岸带的修复效果.通过野外种植翅碱蓬试验,监测土壤中石油烃的质量比发现,翅碱蓬能使盐碱土壤中的石油烃质量比下降,种植翅碱蓬的盐碱土壤中的石油烃降解率比无翅碱蓬对照的盐碱土壤中的石油烃降解率高21.7%～37.9%.翅碱蓬生长情况良好,试验区植被得到恢复,覆盖率达到60%以上.结果表明,翅碱蓬对石油烃污染的盐碱土壤具有一定修复作用.     

Challenges of transformation: The case of Norilsk Nickel

As Russia’s largest mining company, Norilsk Nickel was for much of its history an archetypal Soviet institution. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent prolonged economic crisis, in 2001 new management came into the company with the objective of transforming the company into a modern global corporation. In the years that followed, management pushed through a series of radical changes to the organisation and its operations. Simultaneous with these changes, the company extended its asset base in Russia and acquired assets outside the country. The progressive direction of the company was, however, taking it further and further out on a limb and the programme of transformation was not being matched and supported by public policy and regulation. Pressures came to a head in the middle of 2008 when a change in the structure of company’s ownership and a collapse of metal prices combined to bring about increased involvement of the state in company’s affairs and a more national emphasis to its strategic orientation.     

水稻对低磷反应的基因型差异及其生理适应机制的初步研究

选取构建水稻分子连锁图谱的两个亲本ＪＸ１７和ＺＹＱ８为材料,在３低磷胁迫下,对磷营养效率有关指标进行分析,结果表明,ＪＸ１７在与磷吸收效率有关的生理指标,如根干重、根分泌质子、根分泌有机酸等方面,都明显优于ＡＹＱ８,说明ＪＸ１７表现较高的相对干物重,低磷胁迫反应不敏感。