Comparing petroleum fiscal regimes under oil price uncertainty

This study investigates and compares five upstream petroleum fiscal systems under crude oil price uncertainty. The fiscal systems analyzed are: the Alberta Canada tax and royalty system, the Papua New Guinea (PNG) (pre-2003) traditional Rate of Return (ROR) system, the Sao Tome and Principe/Nigerian Joint Development Zone (SNJDZ) Production Sharing Contract (PSC), the Tanzanian PSC/ROR hybrid system and the Trinidad and Tobago PSC. Contingent claims analysis is used to value the governments’ tax claims under uncertainty using a numerical approach, viz., Monte Carlo simulation. Each system is tested to obtain the after-tax value accruing to firms as well as the distortionary effects introduced by the fiscal systems. The results are then ranked. The Alberta Canada and PNG fiscal systems provide companies with the highest after-tax values while also being the least distortionary. The Tanzanian system is the lowest in both rankings, providing relatively low after-tax values and introducing strong distortionary effects. The SNJDZ PSC imposed a relatively high tax burden on companies with median distortionary effects. The Trinidadian PSC generated a median tax burden on companies but has strong distortionary effects.     

微生物强化蜈蚣草累积土壤砷能力的研究

研究了外源添加微生物对蜈蚣草吸收砷能力及其根系参数的影响.通过室内盆栽试验研究表明,施放线菌PSQ、shf2和细菌Ts37、C13处理能明显促进植物生长.其中,shf2处理效果最显著,其生物量、根系活力和根系体积分别达11.5 g/po、t2.01μg/(g.h)、38.3 mL.施菌处理蜈蚣草植株砷含量均高于对照(CK)处理,其中Ts37处理地上部砷含量达最高837mg/kg,比同期CK处理高出206%;shf2处理地下部砷含量最高,达427 mg/kg,比同期CK处理高出88%.施用shf2菌的蜈蚣草砷积累总量最高,达5 804μg/pot,比同期CK处理高出136%.4种微生物处理在45 d内植物修复效率为8.9%~11.3%.施用微生物可有效提高蜈蚣草累积砷的能力,且以放线菌shf2效果最好.     

L-半胱氨酸预还原-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定水中的锑

在稀H：sO。介质中,以L-半胱氨酸作预还原剂,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定水中的锑。L-半胱氨酸的存在,改善了氢化物发生条件和增敏光谱测定信号,当在低酸度下发生锑的氢化物时,过渡金属离子的干扰显著地得到了抑制,灵敏度提高,方法的检出限为0．13μg／L,回收率为92．5％～106．5％。     

锰胁迫下龙葵和小飞蓬根叶中植物螯合肽和类金属硫蛋白的变化

采用溶液培养的方式研究不同锰浓度(0.005,2,4,8,16mmo.lL-1)胁迫下龙葵和小飞蓬的根和叶中的植物螯合肽(PCs)和类金属硫蛋白(MTLP)的诱导合成量.结果显示,随着锰浓度的升高,两种植物的株高和根长先略高于对照,而后逐渐下降.锰胁迫诱导植物产生的PCs有先上升后下降的趋势,但含量较少;而PCs产生的前体物质谷胱甘肽(GSH)和MTLP的诱导量与锰浓度之间存在一定相关性,随着锰浓度增加呈现先上升后下降的规律.两者的非蛋白巯基化合物(TNP-SH)和GSH在8mmol·L-1锰浓度下达到最大值,总体上龙葵的含量比小飞蓬大.MTLP的含量随着锰浓度的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,龙葵在8mmol·L-1锰浓度时含量最高,而小飞蓬叶和根分别在2mmol·L-1和4mmo.lL-1时即达到最大,之后下降,且龙葵的MTLP含量大于相应浓度下的小飞蓬的含量.实验表明GSH和MTLP对不同锰处理浓度的响应都较敏感,故可作为植物耐锰胁迫及鉴定土壤锰污染的参考指标.随着Mn处理浓度增大,龙葵受Mn胁迫的影响比小飞蓬小,说明其耐Mn水平较小飞蓬高,更适合用于Mn污染地区的植物修复.     

镉对浮萍叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以浮萍(Lemnaminor L.)为实验材料,使用水下调制荧光仪研究不同镉浓度(0、1、2、4、6、8和10mg·L-1)条件下浮萍叶绿素荧光的变化和叶绿素含量的变化,探讨了镉对浮萍生长和光合作用的影响.结果表明,镉胁迫导致浮萍最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)有效量子产量(ФPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)、相对电子传递速率(rETR)、质体醌库(Fv/2)下降,非光化学淬灭(qN)和PSⅡ水裂解端失活程度(Fo/Fv)上升,说明浮萍的PSⅡ光合活性受到镉胁迫抑制.对浮萍叶绿素含量的测定结果表明,浮萍叶绿素含量明显下降,并且叶绿素a的下降幅度大于叶绿素b;同时,浮萍PSⅡ水裂解程度(Fo/Fv)对于镉胁迫反应极为灵敏,因而可以作为金属胁迫的重要指标.     

Extraction of 17β-estradiol in water using non-imprinted polymer submicron particles in membrane filters

17β-Estradiol (E2) is an endocrine disrupting chemical of harm to both animals and human beings at a low concentration level (ng/L). It cannot be completely removed by wastewater treatments, and is often detected in both environment and drinking waters. The purpose of this feasibility study, towards environmental engineering in the field of water analysis and treatment, was to remove E2 by extraction using non-imprinted polymer (NIP) submicron particles. Experimental results showed that 0.5 mg/L of E2 could be completely extracted by adding 10 mg of NIP particles directly into 10 mL of water. However, the extraction efficiency decreased to 64% for 100 mL of water. prefilling the NIP particles inside a membrane filter showed a potential for water treatment of a large volume, requiring no effort to distribute the particles uniformly in the water. High extraction efficiency (80 ± 10)% for E2 was achieved for 100 mL of water. A total mass of 0.29 mg E2 was extracted from 1000 mL of water containing 0.8 mg/L E2 (by using only 10 mg of NIP particles). Both efficiency and mass capacity can be increased, by scaling up the amount of NIP particles, towards environmental engineering applications.     

一株溶铜绿微囊藻真菌的分离与鉴定

从土壤中分离得到一株具有溶藻能力的真菌,命名为J20。经形态学和18srDNA序列对比分析鉴定,J20菌株属于青霉属(Peniciliium)。研究了J20菌株对铜绿微囊藻DS的溶藻效果,初步探讨了其溶藻方式及溶藻物质。结果表明:该菌株对铜绿微囊藻DS有一定的去除效果,实验第3天时,试验组比对照组的叶绿素a减少达82%;该菌株培养物的最低有效抑藻效应浓度为1∶100(即向100mL藻液中加入1mL菌液);该菌株通过分泌胞外产物的方式溶解铜绿微囊藻且溶藻物质主要为具有热稳定性的非蛋白类物质。     

芦荟对土壤中重金属的吸收及EDTA影响

采用芦荟(Aloe vera L.)盆栽实验,考察了土壤中重金属在芦荟中的分布及施加EDTA对重金属在芦荟中积累影响。由实验结果,芦荟中重金属随土壤中重金属含量的增加而增加,Cd、Cu和Zn的增加量主要积累在叶部,而Pb的增加量主要积累在茎和根部。土壤中Pb的加入促进了芦荟对Cd和Cu的吸收,表明Pb与Cd、Cu在芦荟吸收时具有协同效应。随着土壤中EDTA用量的增加(0～4 mmol/kg),芦荟对重金属的吸收积累增加,其中Cu和Pb的增加较大。在EDTA作用下,芦荟叶部对重金属的迁移增大,其迁移系数Zn>Cd>Cu>Pb。EDTA螯合作用促使芦荟对重金属的吸收。芦荟叶部重金属对Fe的积累有明显抑制作用,而芦荟各部位中重金属对Ca的积累皆有明显抑制作用。     

苯并[a]芘高效降解菌筛选及其降解特性研究

为获得苯并[a]芘（BaP）污染修复的新菌株,通过梯度提高无机盐培养基（MSM）中BaP浓度的方法,本研究从北京焦化厂污染土壤中筛选出1株能够对液体中高浓度BaP（100 mg/L）降解的霉菌,鉴定结果为可可毛色二孢菌（Lasiodiplodiatheobromae）.并首次对L.theobromae在液体中降解BaP...     

Arsenic uptake, accumulation and phytofiltration by duckweed （Spirodela polyrhiza L.）

This study investigates arsenic (As) accumulation and tolerance of duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza L: and its potential for As phytofiltration. S. polyrhiza was able to survive in high concentration of As(V) solution: The EC50 values ( SE) based on the external As(V) were (181.66 20.12) mol/L. It accumulated (999 95) mg As/kg dw when exposed in 320 mol/L As(V) solution for one week, and was able to take up appropriately 400 mg As/kg dw in tissues without a significant biomass loss. The EC50 values (the e ective concentration of As(V) in the nutrient solution that caused a 50% inhibition on biomass production) was (866 68) mg/kg dw for the tissues, indicating that S. polyrhiza had a high capability of As accumulation and tolerance. The uptake kinetic parameters Vmax was (55.33 2.24) nmol/(g dw min) and Km was (0.144 0.011) mmol/L. Within 72 hr, S. polyrhiza decreased As concentration in the solution from 190 to 113 ng/mL with a removal rate of 41%. The study suggested that this floating aquatic plant has some potential for As phytofiltration in contaminated water bodies or paddy soils.