Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of two microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum, to nonylphenol stress

The effect of nonylphenol (NP) on growth, photochemistry and biochemistry of two green microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenanstrum capricornutum, and their ability to degrade NP were compared. The 96 h EC₅₀ of C. vulgaris and S. capricornutum were greater than 4.0 and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ NP, respectively, suggesting that the former species was more tolerant to NP. Both microalgae acclimated to NP stress through down-regulating their photosynthetic activities, including antenna size (chlorophyll a content), maximal photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the light absorbed by PSII (ABS/CS₀), but the dissipation of energy from reaction centres (DI₀/RC) increased with the increase of NP concentrations. In C. vulgaris, the changes of these parameters were more significant than in S. capricornutum and recovered completely after a 96 h exposure. The antioxidant responses, such as GSH content, CAT and POD activities in C. vulgaris increased with the increase of NP concentrations after a 24 h exposure, but these changes disappeared with exposure time and recovered to the control levels after 96 h. In S. capricornutum, although GSH content, CAT and POD activities also increased when exposed to low- to moderate-NP concentrations, these values were significantly reduced at a high concentration (4 mg L⁻¹) even after a 96 h exposure, indicating its antioxidant responses were significantly delayed. It is clear that the more NP-tolerant species, C. vulgaris, acclimated better with a faster recovery of its photosynthetic activity from the NP-induced damage, and exhibited more efficient and rapid responses to NP-induced oxidative stress. C. vulgaris also had a higher NP degradation ability than S. capricornutum.     

Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature

Because of recent volume increases, appropriate management of plastic recycling, which generates various organic compounds, is required to ensure the chemical safety of the processes. The processing temperature and resin type are the important factors determining both the efficiency of the processes and the emission of chemicals. Therefore, we studied the thermal degradation of various plastics at various temperatures from 70 to 300 °C under oxygen-present conditions to identify the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted and to understand their thermal behaviors. The plastics examined were nitrogen-containing resins, such as polyamide 6, polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Major commodity plastics were also investigated for comparison. In total, more than 500 SVOCs were detected as emissions from plastics. While various nitrogen-containing SVOCs were detected from nitrogen-containing resins, the major commodity plastics released only these, which possibly were included as additives. These results indicate that the nitrogen atoms in the SVOCs emitted originated from the resins and additives, and not from ambient air at low temperature. As a result of the detection of raw materials, degradation chemicals and by-products of the polymers in the emissions, we found that the variation in chemical species is dependent on the resins. Additives were also emitted from all the resins, meaning that these chemicals were also released to the environment at the temperature examined. In most cases, the numbers and concentrations of SVOCs increased with increasing heating temperature. The variation of thermal behaviors of SVOCs was related to the origins and chemical species of SVOCs.     

耐候ABS材料研究

通过自然气候老化和紫外老化试验UV-B,研究了ABS塑料外观颜色、力学性能在老化实验过程中的变化.试验结果表明:光稳定剂的加入,ABS耐候性能提高,相较未加光稳定剂ABS体系,AE值下降,冲击保持率提高,受阻胺光稳定剂A和紫外光吸收剂B、C并用有协同作用,光屏蔽剂的使用可以提高耐候性,从而降低成本.此外我们讨论了自然气...     

ABS塑料低压低温气候环境适应性快速评价方法

目的 研究采用新型低气压环境综合加速试验技术开展ABS塑料低气压低温环境适应性试验的模拟性和加速性.方法 对比开展新型低气压环境综合加速试验与低气压低温自然环境试验,分析ABS塑料在两种环境试验中的老化机理、拉伸强度和简支梁缺口冲击强度变化规律的相似性,进一步采用加速转换因子(ASF)法处理试验数据,分析新型低气压环境...     

Does the improved stability offered by motorcycle antilock brakes (ABS) make sliding crashes less common? In-depth analysis of fatal crashes involving motorcycles fitted with ABS

Objective: This research investigated the following issue. Though several tests indicate that motorcycle ABS may increase motorcycle stability, thus reducing the risk of a sliding crash involving braking (i.e., the rider is separated from the motorcycle and slides along the road surface prior to collision), there is limited research showing to what extent sliding crashes are reduced by ABS in real-life conditions.

Methods: The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) and the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) carry out in-depth studies for all road fatalities. A total of 38 in-depth studies with ABS motorcycles were included: 22 in Sweden and 16 in Norway (2005–2014). These were compared with 98 cases in Sweden and 32 in Norway involving motorcycles of the same types but without ABS. The data sets were analyzed separately and also merged together. The difference between the proportions of sliding crashes regardless braking was analyzed; selective recruitment was handled with a sensitivity analysis. Induced exposure was used to calculate the reduction of all crashes and those involving braking.

Results: Four ABS cases (11%) involved falling off the motorcycle prior to collision, and 35% of the non-ABS crashes were sliding (P =.004). The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable, with a relative difference of sliding crashes ranging between 65 and 78%.

None of the 4 sliding crashes with ABS occurred during braking; that is, all ABS riders who braked prior to collision crashed in an upright position. In the 4 sliding cases with ABS, the riders lost control of their motorcycles: 2 while accelerating on asphalt with very poor friction, 1 while negotiating a curve with an excessive lean angle, and 1 by abruptly releasing the throttle in the middle of a curve.

Although based on a limited number of cases, the distributions of sliding and upright collisions among crashes without braking were similar, thus suggesting that the crash posture would not be affected by ABS if no braking occurred. The calculations with induced exposure showed that upright crashes with braking were also reduced by ABS; all fatal crashes, regardless of braking, were reduced by 52%.

Conclusions: Though this research was based on a limited material, it confirmed that sliding fatal crashes are significantly decreased by ABS. Considering that ABS will soon be mandatory in the European Union on all new motorcycles with engine displacement over 125cc, these findings should be taken into account in the future design and testing of motorcycle-friendly road barriers and integrated protection systems.     

生物活性炭法处理ABS树脂生产废水

采用负载经驯化后微生物的活性炭与未负载微生物的空白活性炭处理ABS凝聚干燥工段废水,研究生物活性炭系统中存在的生物再生作用.结果表明,生物活性炭能够高效分解转化ABS废水中的有机腈类及芳香类污染物,其处理出水的COD、TOC及Org-N的去除率均达到80%以上,并且废水中的有机氮主要分解转化为NH3-N,其NH3-N转化率高达65%.生物活性炭表面繁殖了大量的长杆菌、钟形虫及少量的球菌,活性炭能够为微生物生长提供适宜的环境,并保护微生物避免受有毒难降解污染物的抑制作用,同时活性炭表面生长的微生物能够对活性炭进行生物再生,使其长期保持高效的吸附能力.     

ABS树脂废水有机物反硝化潜势及降解特性

为优化ABS树脂废水的生物脱氮工艺,测定了废水的反硝化潜势,分析了废水反硝化阶段有机物的降解特性. 结果表明,ABS树脂废水的反硝化碳源充足,并且含有易降解有机物和慢速降解有机物等具有不同反硝化速率的有机物. 在废水ρ(SCOD)(SCOD为溶解性化学需氧量)为755.4~1 043.3 mg/L,ρ(TN)为86.1~111.1 mg/L的情况下,总反硝化潜势为95.4~144.6 mg/L (以NO₃--N计),其中易降解有机物的反硝化速率为3.4~4.6 mg/(g·h) (以NO₃--N计),反硝化潜势为33.2~49.7 mg/L;2类慢速降解有机物的反硝化速率分别为2.2~3.2和0.4~0.9 mg/(g·h),反硝化潜势之和为62.2~94.9 mg/L. 反硝化过程中,废水SCOD的去除率为48.9%~62.8%,ON(有机氮)去除率为81.5%~95.7%. 腈类物质得到明显降解,并生成大量NH₄+-N,是反硝化碳源的重要组成部分. 三维荧光光谱表明,废水中的芳香族有机物苯环结构在反硝化条件下未得到有效降解,但在好氧条件下得到快速降解.      

钢厂烧结烟气高硫高尘SCR工艺受硫酸氢铵影响的分析与对策

将高硫高尘选择性催化还原（SCR）工艺应用于钢厂烧结烟气脱硝,分析了硫酸氢铵（ABS）的形成原因、影响因素及常规工艺控制,并提出了应对措施。研究结果表明,NH₃、SO₃和温度等是影响ABS生成的主要因素。最低连续喷氨温度应高于ABS分解温度且不低于310 ℃,可有效抑制ABS生成。根据数值模拟结果,在高温烟道至反应器入口的弯头处设置导流板可保证氨气均布。采用带前馈信号的串级控制模式调节喷氨量,控制催化剂吹灰器的时间频次,可有效防止催化剂失活和堵灰。工程实践结果显示,脱硝效率不低于94.1%,NO_x排放质量浓度不高于36.5 mg/Nm³,符合设计要求。     

高浓度ABS树脂生产污水治理技术

ABS树脂生产装置中的污水处理一直是影响化工装置环保的一大难题。一方面,其废水水质差,悬浮物含量高,且多为细微颗粒,难以从水中分离,进入生化系统也难以去除;另一方面,污水中溶解性胶乳较多、粘性大,且为间歇式排放,对污水处理系统冲击较大。大庆石化总厂采取完善生产工艺操作过程、采用高效净水剂、对处理设备进行改进及对生产全过程进行污染控制等措施,并分阶段、分单元、分步骤地对污染源进行处理。采取这些措施后使ABS树脂生产中的废水得到了有效治理,处理后的ABS污水中CODcr含量在1000mg/L以下,悬浮物含量在500mg/L以下,石油类物质含量在30mg/L以下。处理装置的能耗、物耗也大幅度降低。     

Flammability Properties of Virgin and Recycled Polycarbonate (PC) and Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) Recovered from End-of-Life Electronics

Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS), Polycarbonate (PC) and their alloys are widely used in automotive industry, computer and equipment housings. With increasing disposal of end-of-life electronic equipment, there is also an increased demand for recycling of these materials so that they do not pose environmental challenge as solid waste. One of the recycling approaches is mechanical recycling of these thermoplastics where recycled plastic is melt blended with virgin materials to obtain a high quality product. Besides obtaining desirable mechanical properties, such blends should also conform to fire safety standards. In this work, a series of blends were prepared using PC and ABS recovered from discarded computers and virgin materials using a twin-screw extruder. Their flammability properties were evaluated using burner flammability tests and Ohio State University (OSU) release rate tests. It was found that the extinguishing time, burning extent and weight loss appears to progressively decrease with the addition of both virgin or recycled PC to virgin or recycled ABS. It was also seen that the addition of the 70% of PC, virgin or recycled, to ABS virgin or recycled, appears to significantly decrease heat release and smoke evolution. The results of this study indicate that recycled polycarbonate can be used as an additive for virgin or recycled ABS, as a means of giving flame resistance to ABS in high-value applications. This result is significant when related to the result obtained by a separate study indicating that up to 25% of recycled material can be used without degradation of mechanical properties in the presence of 15% short glass fiber reinforcement.