草原土壤的碳氮分布与CO2排放通量的相关性分析

利用静态暗箱法,对内蒙古锡林河流域的贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)等草原群落样地的CO₂排放通量进行了测定;同时采集各样地的不同层次土壤混合样,分析其中有机碳和全氮的含量,探讨其与CO₂排放的相关性.结果发现:不同样地群落的CO₂排放与其土壤中不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量呈高度正相关,相关系数(R)均0.8以上,说明在环境因子相对稳定的情况下,土壤有机碳和全氮含量直接或间接地决定生态系统CO₂排放通量的变化.另外,土壤不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量随深度增加递减,其中70%以上集中在0～30cm土层中,说明它们主要是来自地表有机质的分解;在0～100cm的土层中,土壤有机碳和全氮的总含量从贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原、羊草草原和克氏针茅草原依次减少,表明降水量、蒸发量和干燥度是影响土壤有机碳、全氮分布的重要因子.     

超级爆炸喷涂镍基钴基涂层高温氧化及摩擦磨损性能

目的针对装备向高温高速发展的需求,开展NiCr-Cr_3C_2、CoMoCr及NiCr Al Y涂层的高温摩擦磨损性能对比研究。方法针对上述三种涂层,通过超级爆炸喷涂工艺进行涂层制备,并测试涂层孔隙率、显微硬度、结合强度等基本性能,开展650℃/260 h的抗氧化试验和400、650℃的销盘式摩擦磨损试验,对比涂层的各项性能和在高温条件下的氧化质量增量、摩擦系数、磨损质量损失。结果抗氧化试验后,NiCr-Cr_3C_2、CoMoCrSi及NiCrAlY涂层氧化增重0.18、0.1、0.005 mg/(cm~2·h)。650℃时,摩擦系数分别为0.5、1.0、0.6。结论超级爆炸喷涂工艺制备的涂层组织、结合强度均优于等离子喷涂等常规喷涂工艺。高温下的氧化产物Co_3O_4与Cr_2O_3对高温摩擦系数有不同的影响。NiCr-75Cr_3C_2和NiCrAlY涂层在400、650℃可作为与SG37A材料的对磨副材料。     

经营时间梯度上的毛竹林碳氮动态特征

应用典型样方法对不同经营方式和经营持续时间的毛竹林碳氮贮量变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,施肥降低毛竹林系统碳氮贮量,垦复增加毛竹林系统碳氮贮量。两种经营模式毛竹林系统碳氮贮量的分布格局均以土壤层最大,植被层次之。其中,碳贮量土壤层占63.25%~86.32%,植被层占13.17%~35.15%;氮贮量土壤层占94.44%~98.15%,植被层占1.62%~5.12%。施肥、垦复对竹林系统碳氮贮量的影响主要通过对土壤层碳氮贮量的改变来实现。不同经营时间毛竹林土壤碳氮贮量排列顺序不同,施肥毛竹林土壤碳贮量的排列顺序为对照>施肥13 a>施肥5 a,氮贮量的排列顺序为对照>施肥5 a>施肥13 a;垦复毛竹林土壤碳氮贮量的排列顺序为垦复3 a>垦复10 a>对照。经营模式和经营时间梯度上毛竹林土壤碳氮贮量变化的不同步,造成了土壤碳氮比差异较大。其中,施肥毛竹林土壤碳氮比为18~39,垦复土壤碳氮比为13~16,施肥毛竹林碳氮比变化幅度较垦复毛竹林更剧烈,碳氮比的剧烈变化可能对土壤微生物群落和持续立地生产力产生不良影响。施肥和垦复均能够有效提高地上部分的碳氮贮量,但不同经营模式和经营时间的毛竹林碳氮分布格局不同。施肥毛竹林的碳氮比为260,垦复毛竹林的碳氮比为167,毛竹林碳氮分布格局的多样性为毛竹制定专属的培育措施提供了可能。     

贫燃条件Ag-Rh/CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3协同催化C_3H_6选择性还原NO的原位红外研究

将Ag-Rh浸渍到共沉淀法合成的Ce-Zr-Al上,制备出Ag(0.04)-Rh(x)/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2-75%Al2O3系列催化剂,采用BET比表面积、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)对催化剂进行表征,并探讨催化剂在贫燃条件下选择性还原NO的活性和反应机理.结果表明,Ag-Rh双组分催化剂的活性较单组分Ag、Rh催化剂的高.Rh负载量为0.7%(质量分数)时,NO转化率达最佳(90.3%),且反应的起燃温度低、活性温度范围宽(300～500℃).DRIFTS结果显示,Rh的添加不仅有利于催化剂表面NO的吸附,而且能促进Ag催化生成关键反应中间体—CO—NH—,进而显著提高NO的转化率.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil

Impacts of nutrient management on C mineralization and greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission from soils have been of much concern in global change. Using laboratory incubation, the production of CH₄ and CO₂ were studied from both bulk samples and the particle size fractions (PSF) of topsoil from a paddy under a long-term different fertilization trial (including non (NF), chemical without (CF) and with manure (CFM) fertilization, respectively) in the Tai Lake Region, China. Four PSFs (2000–200, 200–20, 20–2, <2 μm) were separated from undisturbed samples collected after rice harvest by a low-energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Both the bulk samples and PSFs were incubated under submerged condition for 72 days. The concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ evolved during incubation were determined by gas chromatography. C mineralization rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.52 mg C g⁻¹ C day⁻¹, with different fertilizations and size of the PSFs, and were not correlated with C/N ratio. While CO₂ production predominated over CH₄ from C mineralization from both bulk samples and the size fractions, CH₄ production played a predominant role in the total global warming potential (GWP) under all treatments. C mineralization of bulk soil was significantly higher under CF than under CFM and NF. CH₄ production, however, was 3 times as under CFM and 27 times as under NF, indicating a tremendous effect of chemical fertilization alone on the total GWP. CO₂ production from the PSFs differed from CH₄ under a single treatment, which was notably from the coarse PSFs larger than 200 μm. Higher C mineralization and CH₄ production with a higher metabolic quotient under CF implicated a vulnerability of soil functioning of GHGs mitigation in the paddy receiving chemical fertilizers only. Thus, rational organic amendments should be undertaken for mitigating the climate change.     

甲磺隆在土壤腐殖物质中结合残留的动态变化

土壤中14 C 甲磺隆的可提取态残留物随时间延长不断降低 ,而其结合态残留率第 2 8天达最高 .14 C 甲磺隆结合态残留物在土壤腐殖物质中的分布是 :富啡酸 胡敏素 >胡敏酸 .在处理最初 2 8天 ,富啡酸中14 C 甲磺隆结合态残留物不断增大 ,随后减少 ;胡敏素中的结合态残留量在 2 8— 2 2 4天变化不大 .14 C残留物在不同土壤之间的结合及其分布都是有差异的 ,与土壤pH值、粘粒矿物类型等都有密切关系     

某超临界汽轮机主汽阀杆断裂原因分析

目的 某热电厂超临界机组汽轮机发生主蒸汽阀阀杆(标称材质为22Cr12NiMoWV(C422)钢)断裂事故,对发电安全造成不良影响.为此,分析该阀杆断裂失效的原因,提出改进措施,以避免类似事故的发生.方法 从外观检查、成分测定、金相检验以及断口观察等方面入手,结合硬度和冲击性能测试,探讨阀杆断裂的主要原因.结果 该断裂...     

秸秆与氮肥配比对农田土壤内外源碳释放的影响

秸秆配施氮肥调节C/N 比不仅影响外源秸秆的矿化,也影响内源土壤有机碳(SOC)的分解(即激发效应),因此研究秸秆与氮肥配比对土壤内外源有机碳分解的影响,对于农田温室气体减排和土壤肥力提升具有双重意义.本研究以山东桓台农田土壤为研究对象,为了探究秸秆与氮肥的配比对秸秆与SOC 分解的影响,在不同氮肥水平下,采用13C ...     

Recent advances in special morphologic photocatalysts for NOx removal

● Systematic information of recent progress in photocatalytic NO _x removal is provided. ● The photocatalysts with special morphologies are reviewed and discussed. ● The morphology and photocatalytic NO _x removal performance is related. The significant increase of NO_x concentration causes severe damages to environment and human health. Light-driven photocatalytic technique affords an ideal solution for the removal of NO_x at ambient conditions. To enhance the performance of NO_x removal, 1D, 2D and 3D photocatalysts have been constructed as the light absorption and the separation of charge carriers can be manipulated through controlling the morphology of the photocatalyst. Related works mainly focused on the construction and modification of special morphologic photocatalyst, including element doping, heterostructure constructing, crystal facet exposing, defect sites introducing and so on. Moreover, the excellent performance of the photocatalytic NO_x removal creates great awareness of the application, which has promising practical applications in NO_x removal by paint (removing NO_x indoor and outdoor) and pavement (degrading vehicle exhausts). For these considerations, recent advances in special morphologic photocatalysts for NO_x removal was summarized and commented in this review. The purpose is to provide insights into understanding the relationship between morphology and photocatalytic performance, meanwhile, to promote the application of photocatalytic technology in NO_x degradation.     

气水比对A/O-BF处理低碳氮比农村生活污水脱氮的影响

为揭示好氧段气水比对缺氧/好氧生物滤池(Anoxic/Oxic Biofilter,A/O-BF)脱氮的影响机理,采用A/O-BF处理低碳氮比农村生活污水,结合实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应技术,对比研究了好氧段气水比为4∶1、2∶1和1∶1时A/O-BF的脱氮效能和微生物群落变化特征.结果表明:当气水比为4∶1时,A/O...