重大危险源控制技术研究现状及若干问题探讨

本文论述了重大危险源的定义，辨识标准及重大危险源控制系统；介绍了国外重大危险源控制技术的研究和应用进展；对建立我国重大危险源控制系统进行了探讨，提出了尽快制定我国重大工业危险源控制法规、重大危险源辨识标准以及建立分级监察和控制体系等建议。     

THE CRITICAL ROLE OF “UNUSED” RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: The uneven temporal and spatial distribution of water on the Earth suggests an important role for the portion of the resource that is not directly used by humans. By extension, an important underlying theory about world-wide resource distribution and function is inferred. Policies that control resource preservation and development need to take this theory into account. Some examples for the water resource are presented.     

应用事故致因理论，研究事故预防对策──关于防止铁路机车车辆伤害事故的探讨

应用事故致因理论，探讨机车车辆伤害事故的本质，研究机车车辆伤害事故的发生规律及成因模型，提出预防机车车辆伤害事故的对策。     

硝铵炸药生产中的事故防范

通过分析硝铵炸药生产中发生的火灾和爆炸事故，认为硝铵混合物在高温条件下的热分解是引发这类事故的主要原因；还给出硝酸铵热分解的要点，并提出预防恶性事故的措施。【关键词】     

突发性大气环境污染事故应急监测布点研究

采样点的布设在应急监测过程中起着至关重要的作用,科学、合理地布置采样点是应急监测的关键技术之一,采样点必须分布在整个事故影响区域。引入气体扩散模式预测事故影响范围,根据毒负荷标准在事故影响区内划分危险区。阐述了应急监测采样点布设原则及事故初期、中期、后期的特点,并对三个时期采样点布设方法进行研究。     

德国工伤保险事故预防机制评介

工伤保险事故预防机制就是工伤保险制度中促进预防工伤事故和职业病的一系列的措施和办法。笔者从管理、经济、法律、技术、心理5个方面具体分析德国工伤保险事故预防机制的具体特点,其中,对管理方面的上层管理机构、研究机构、培训机构、监督机构的设置及其人员配置、企业内部的劳动安全机构及其人员配备进行了研讨;以经济途径为重点从工伤保险费的征收与支出两方面进行了评介;在安全技术方面着重对管理内容即监督事故的隐患、咨询、进行职业病预防、监测与调查、产品安全标准鉴定等进行了介绍;简述了心理方面所开展的安全宣传、教育和培训工作以及相关法律手段。综合分析了工伤保险事故预防机制的形成和运作方式,对其成功经验进行了总结。     

基于TCT的平面交叉口安全评价方法研究

事故率法是评价平面交叉口交通安全水平常用的方法之一,但因其存在基于事故统计方法固有的因事故的稀有性而使评价周期过长、因事故统计的不完全性致使评价结论欠真、缺乏事故严重性程度的考虑等缺点。笔者针对事故率法评价交叉口安全水平存在的上述问题,在概要介绍交通冲突技术并对交通冲突技术的有效性进行分析的基础上,提出了使事故率法与交通冲突技术相结合,用交通冲突代替交通事故改善交叉口事故率法的理论设想。进而,结合质量控制法,研究了同类型交叉口的交通冲突率的临界值的确定,提出了基于交通冲突技术和交叉口交通冲突率的评价方法。     

道路交通安全知识提取方法及其递进式模型的研究

道路交通数据资源日益膨胀和复杂化 ,已经远远超出了人脑的记忆和分析能力。面对道路交通的海量数据 ,传统运用的DBMS和OLTP技术 ,已无法发现隐藏在数据背后的关系、规则和发展趋势等新的内容、知识和信息。因此 ,建立基于DMKD的智能道路交通安全决策支持系统是相关部门急需解决的重大课题。笔者重点介绍了数据挖掘、知识发现的概念 ,提出了基于DW +OLAP +DMKD的道路交通安全决策支持系统 ,通过道路交通系统的要素分析 ,介绍了一种面向属性的粗糙集方法提取规则 ,并阐述了一种递进式规则评价提炼过程。     

Lagging or leading? Exploring the temporal relationship among lagging indicators in mining establishments 2006–2017

Problem: Safety management literature generally categorizes key performance indicators (KPIs) as either leading or lagging. Traditional lagging indicators are measures related to negative safety incidents, such as injuries, while leading indicators are used to predict (and therefore can be used to prevent) the likelihood of future negative safety incidents. Recent theory suggests that traditional lagging indicators also possess characteristics of leading indicators, and vice versa, however empirical evidence is limited. Method: The current research investigated the temporal relationships among establishment-level injuries, near misses, and fatal events using injury and employment data from a sample of 24,910 mining establishments over a 12-year period. Results: While controlling for employee hours worked, establishment-level reported injuries and near misses were associated with of future fatal events across the sample of mines and over the time period studied. Fatal events were also associated with increases in future reported near misses, providing evidence of a cyclic relationship between them. Discussion: These findings challenge the strict categorization of injuries, near misses, and fatal events as lagging indicators. Practical applications: Understanding the KPIs that should be used to manage organizational safety, and how they can be used, is of critical practical importance. The results of the current study suggest that, depending on several considerations, metrics tied to negative safety incidents may be used to anticipate, and possibly prevent, future negative safety events.     

Low rate releases of hazardous light gases under semi-confined geometry: A consequence based approach and case-study application

As evidenced by accident statistics, an important factor when considering the safe operation of process plants is the effective mitigation of the effects of gaseous flammable releases, either by a prevention, or a protection approach. A detailed historical analysis was performed considering accidental scenarios associated with the use and management of light gases, starting from raw data selected from FACTS database and analysed by a causal multi-layer method. Results revealed that the major part of the accidental releases involving methane, hydrogen, ethene, ammonia can be attributed to organizational or process/plant immediate causes. As expected, the most frequent scenarios following the release are fire and explosion. We focus our attention on the development of a short-cut method allowing preliminary evaluation of the maximum gaseous build-up under semi-confined conditions, limiting the effects of the fire/explosion scenario to a tolerable level. The limitations of the model that is applied to selected case-studies and require further experimental validation are critically discussed. The results of the application of the model, which can boast of being safe but not disproportionately conservative, can be set as a maximum threshold in proper designing technical measures aiming at limiting the effects to a tolerable level by protection methods, e.g. isolation, venting, suppression and containment.