试论安全科学研究的特殊矛盾

提出安全科学研究的特殊矛盾是安全与事故的矛盾，也就是研究危险。设计出了安全、危险、事故相互转化的示意图。论述了危险的普遍性、特殊性、绝对性、可转化性、可认识性以及认识安全科学研究特殊矛盾的重要意义。     

事故发生的三种模式探讨

事故就是违背人的主观愿望而发生的意外事件 ,其结果是导致社会和人类经济上的巨大损失和伤害。然而各种事故的发生的形式似乎永远伴随着人类社会的发展而有所变化。笔者通过对事故数据的分析 ,从广义上将事故分为自然事故即自然灾害、随机事故和人为事故 3类。根据 3类事故的特点采用简单的数学方程进行描述 ,为事故发生可承受度 (即既最大风险值 )奠定理论基础。从科学的角度论述事故发生的必然性、随机性和可预防性以及不安全的绝对性和安全的相对性的辩证关系。同时提出了环境因子新概念 ,初步定义了高危行业的定量含义 ,为各类事故的预防提出了基本的相应对策。     

Safety climate in university and college laboratories: impact of organizational and individual factors

INTRODUCTION: Universities and colleges serve to be institutions of education excellence; however, problems in the areas of occupational safety may undermine such goals. Occupational safety must be the concern of every employee in the organization, regardless of job position. Safety climate surveys have been suggested as important tools for measuring the effectiveness and improvement direction of safety programs. Thus, this study aims to investigate the influence of organizational and individual factors on safety climate in university and college laboratories. METHOD: Employees at 100 universities and colleges in Taiwan were mailed a self-administered questionnaire survey; the response rate was 78%. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that organizational category of ownership, the presence of a safety manager and safety committee, gender, age, title, accident experience, and safety training significantly affected the climate. Among them, accident experience and safety training affected the climate with practical significance. RECOMMENDATIONS: The authors recommend that managers should address important factors affecting safety issues and then create a positive climate by enforcing continuous improvements.     

“Everything was fine”*: An analysis of the drill crew's situation awareness on Deepwater Horizon

PurposeInvestigation reports into the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig disaster identified issues with the drill crew's situation awareness (SA). The aim was to (1) apply the Driller's Situation Awareness (DSA) model to the cognitive data extracted from accident reports from this event to determine if it could help to explain why the crew erroneously concluded that the well was stable, which would (2) provide a preliminary evaluation of the model's validity.MethodThe DSA model was used for a content analysis of the SA components in the accounts of the crew's actions during two Negative Pressure Tests (NPT), in the hours before the blowout.ResultsThe analysis provided (1) insight into the crew's likely cognitive processes before the blowout. In particular, it revealed issues with their interpretation and mental models of the well state, as well as possible influencing factors including expectation, distraction and experience, emphasising the impact that SA can have on process safety. The categorisation has (2) initially suggested that the DSA model does contain the appropriate components.LimitationsThere are limited first hand reports of this event and thus cognitive processes have to be inferred with a degree of caution.Practical implicationsThe findings give a preliminary validation of the DSA model for further use in training and in investigation of well control events. Recommendations based on the findings are offered for assisting driller SA and consequently, for supporting safe and efficient drilling operations. There is also the opportunity to adapt the DSA model and apply the recommendations from the analysis to similar monitoring positions, where SA is essential, within the process industries.     

事故过程突变分析的研究进展

对事故过程突变模型的建立和突变分析研究现状进行了综述,并展望其发展趋势。     

Can community-based governance strengthen citizenship in support of climate change adaptation? Testing insights from Self-Determination Theory

Motivation plays a powerful role in guiding human decision-making and behaviour, including adaptation to climate change. This study aimed to determine whether community-based governance would increase behavioural support, in the form of donation behaviour, for a climate change adaptation trust fund. A sample of 548 Australians was randomly assigned to view one of two governance scenarios: (1) a community-based scenario in which community members were afforded a high level of autonomy in designing and allocating funding within a trust fund to help their community adapt to climate change, or (2) a government-centred scenario in which decision making regarding the trust fund remained with government officials. Path analysis revealed that the community-based scenario produced significantly higher levels of perceived autonomy support within the study’s participants. High levels of perceived autonomy support predicted higher levels of autonomous motivation (indicating stronger citizenship) and lower levels of amotivation, a motivational pattern, which, in turn, predicted greater willingness to donate to the climate change adaptation trust. Results are interpreted in terms of Self-Determination Theory and Motivational Crowding Theory.     

铁水包底粘铁所引发的一起重伤事故分析

介绍了一起铁水包底粘铁所引发的事故经过,进行了事故原因分析,指出了事故教训和预防措施。     

纺织厂地下尘室火灾危险及其防治

纺织厂地下尘室是着火最多又不易扑救之处。本文介绍了沉降式和网罩过滤式、布袋过滤式尘室,同时分析了粉尘爆炸的特点、条件及防止其爆炸、火灾的方法。     

突变级数法在区域生态系统健康评价中的应用

目前在多目标综合评价方面有层次分析、因子分析、模糊评判等诸多方法．但有些方法对权重的确定主观性较大或计算过程过于复杂。介绍了突变理论用于多准则决策问题的基本思想和步骤，该法不需对评价指标赋以权重。它只考虑指标的相对重要性。避免了直接使用难于确定且主观性较大的“权重”概念。因而显得简易。同时．突变级数是一种多维模糊隶属函数。用它来计算通常模糊数学的多目标评价决策问题。就更适宜和更准确。以广东省生态系统健康评价为实例．引用相关文献中的数据构建了适用于突变级数法的层次结构指标体系．运用突变理论中的归一公式。计算了广东省生态系统的健康得分，发现健康排名与实际情况较为符合．证明了该方法的可行性。文章同时使用了加权平均法对指标体系进行计算，通过比较。发现原文献的结果与本文采用的两种方法的评价结果基本一致。尤其是健康程度较好和较坏的区域。实例表明．突变级数法较为简便、快捷和可靠。这为解决区域多目标评价问题提供了一种新的思路。