Model Calculations of Total Maximum Daily Loads of Mercury for Drainage Lakes1

Abstract: The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework watershed model was enhanced to simulate the transport and fate of mercury and to calculate the fish mercury concentrations (FMC) attained by fish through the food web. The model was applied to Western Lake Superior Basin of Minnesota, which has many peat lands and lakes. Topographic, land use, and soil data were used to set up the model. Meteorology and precipitation chemistry data from nearby monitoring stations were compiled to drive the model. Simulated flow and mercury concentrations for several stream stations were comparable to available data. The model was used to perform mercury total maximum daily load calculations for two contrasting drainage lakes (Wild Rice Lake and Whiteface Reservoir). The model results for wet deposition, dry deposition, evasion, watershed yield, and soil sequestration of mercury were comparable with available actual data. The model predicted lake ice cover from November to April and weak stratification in summer, typical of shallow lakes in cold regions. The simulated sulfate decrease and methylmercury increase near the lake bottom in late summer are caused by sulfate reduction and mercury methylation that occur in the surficial sediment. Simulated FMC were within the range of observed values and the R² of correlation between the simulated and observed FMC was 0.77. Under the 1989‐2004 base condition, the average simulated FMC of four‐year‐old walleye was 0.31 μg/g for Whiteface Reservoir and 0.15 μg/g for Wild Rice Lake. The FMC criterion in Minnesota is 0.2 μg/g. Wild Rice Lake already meets this criterion without any load reduction. The model showed that a 65% reduction in atmospheric mercury deposition will not, by itself, allow Whiteface Reservoir to meet the criterion in 15 years. Additional best management practices will be needed to reduce 50% of the watershed input.     

Coupled mother-child model for bioaccumulation of POPs in nursing infants

Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) leads to high levels in human milk and high doses of POPs for nursing infants. This is currently not considered in chemical risk assessment. A coupled model for bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in breast-feeding mother and nursing infant was developed and tested for a series of organic compounds. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in mother, breast milk and child were predicted to vary with log K_OW and, for volatile compounds, with K_AW and concentration in air. The concentrations of POPs in the infant body increase the first half year to about factor 3 above mother and decline thereafter to lower levels. The predicted results are close to empirical data and to an empirical regression. The new mother–child model is compact due to its easy structure and the analytical matrix solution. It could be added to existing exposure and risk assessment systems, such as EUSES.     

材料自然环境试验数据工程化应用方法探讨

目的研究探讨材料自然环境试验数据在装备设计选材和寿命预测方面的工程化应用方法。方法通过分析材料自然环境试验数据与装备实际使用状态的符合性原则,利用肖维奈准则和子样变异系数法对暴露于海南万宁的2A12铝合金抗拉强度试验数据进行处理。采用环境效应修正系数C-t曲线初步评价2A12铝合金在某型飞机上的工程应用情况及使用寿命。结果 2A12铝合金海洋大气环境下最终的使用年限为36年,满足在海洋大气环境服役使用要求,同时满足一般军用飞机最长30年日历寿命要求,可将2A12铝合金应用于机身、机翼上翼面、平尾、垂尾等机体主要部位。结论该方法初步实现了材料自然环境试验数据在某型飞机上的工程化应用。     

Assessment of microcystins in lake water and the omnivorous fish (Carassius gibelio, Bloch) in Lake Pamvotis (Greece) containing dense cyanobacterial bloom

Toxin-producing cyanobacteria in lakes and reservoirs form a threat to humans as well as various forms of aquatic life. This study examined the occurrence and distribution of Microcystins (MCYST) in the shallow eutrophic lake Pamvotis (Greece). MCYST concentrations in the tissues (liver, kidneys, intestine, gonads, brain and muscle) of the fish species Carassius gibelio were also examined. Tests were performed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MCYST concentration in water and in the scum of Lake Pamvotis were highest during the warm period (April–October, 2005). Phytoplankton samples were dominated by the genera Microcystis and Anabaena during the same period. MCYST values were always below the WHO Guide level for recreational waters but much higher than the WHO Guide level for drinking water. It was found that MCYST can accumulate in the fish tissues of C. gibelio. Even though the target organ for MCYST is the liver, in our study MCYST were found also in the rest of C. gibelio tissues in the following order: intestine> kidney> > brain>gonads> muscle. Muscle tissue contained concentrations of microcystins that correspond to 0.096 μg/kg/day well above the recommended limit for human consumption (0.04 μg/Kg/day).     

建设项目竣工环保验收环境风险检查中的问题及对策

环境风险检查是建设项目竣工环保验收的一项重要内容,但在实际工作中,由于缺乏相应指标体系和标准规范的支持,通常被简化甚至忽略。针对目前中国环境污染事故频发现状,指出应进一步强化环境风险检查的重要地位,启动项目环境风险验收,并对相关技术规范、标准等的制定方法及内容提出了具体建议。     

Accumulation and relationship of metals in different soil aggregate fractions along soil profiles

Different aggregates vary in their ability to retain or adsorb metals in soil. Five soil profiles were sampled from different soil horizons and grouped, and the concentrations of Al, Mg,Ca, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu and Pb were determined in six sizes of aggregates(> 2, 2-1, 1-0.6, 0.6-0.25,0.25-0.053, < 0.053 mm). Significantly high(p < 0.05) structural stability indexes(SSI) and aggregate stability indexes(ASI) were recorded in the topsoil horizon, which may be attributed to the high soil organi...     

城市公交车厢内噪声监测与分析

主要对城市公交车厢内的噪声进行监测分析,用等效连续A声级和室内噪声评价指标对监测数据进行分析,评估车厢内的声音品质。结果表明,单纯用A声级不能准确反映公交车厢内的噪声污染状况,用室内噪声标准NCB曲线分析的结果与乘客的主观感受相关性良好,建议用A声级和NCB标准曲线综合考虑制定公交车厢内的噪声标准。     

中国农村绿色发展绩效的空间差异

运用多种DEA模型与Gini准则相结合的方法,采用2003—2012年中国31个省、直辖市和自治区农村数据,对中国及其各地区农村绿色发展绩效值进行了动态测算与分析,在此基础上,对各省市及其所属地区农村绿色发展绩效值进行排名和分析。结果表明,从全国层面来看,中国农村绿色发展绩效整体上呈现上升趋势,如综合绩效值由2.184上升至2.824,表明全国在关注农村经济发展的同时越来越注重环境保护,注重资源和能源的节约,从而促进了全国农村地区绿色发展绩效的提高;从分区域来看,农村绿色发展绩效存在地区差异,绿色发展绩效较高地区是东北,年均值为2.502,西北次之,年均值为2.385,华北、华东和中南地区绩效值相对偏低;进一步地,各省、直辖市和自治区农村绿色发展绩效逐年呈现上升趋势,但有部分省市,如辽宁、河北和山西等,农村绿色发展绩效值偏低,甚至低于该省市所在地区的平均绩效值,这不仅反映了该省市农村绿色发展绩效较低,而且表明了该省市农村绿色发展绩效的高低制约着其所在地区农村整体绿色发展绩效的提升。此外,由于不同省、直辖市和自治区在资源禀赋、技术水平、政策和制度环境等方面不同,农村绿色发展的绩效值在省际之间存在较大差异。基于研究结果,在今后我国农村地区绿色发展过程中,一方面,需要加大绿色资源的投入,为农村绿色发展提供基本的条件;另一方面,需要加大对农村绿色劳动力的投入,确保为农村绿色发展提供高素质劳动力;与此同时,还要不断提高绿色技术水平,为农村绿色发展创造良好的技术条件,以此促进我国农村地区绿色绩效的进一步提高。     

Antioxidant response versus selenium accumulation in the liver and kidney of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri)

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of selenium on concentrations of metabolites and enzyme activities acting as antioxidant markers in liver and kidney of Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri. Sturgeons were fed selenium cysteine for 30 and 60 d at 1.25, 5, 20 mg Se kg⁻¹. Selenium level in the control feed was 0.32 mg kg⁻¹. Se concentration was measured in liver, kidney and muscle of every specimen. Sturgeon accumulated Se in tissues with a clear dose-response relationship and the highest Se concentration was recorded in liver. This outcome is lined up with the findings obtained on the antioxidant markers evaluated in both tissues, and in which a dose-response for several biomarkers was recorded in liver. The superoxide dismutase activity in Se-treated fish was generally induced, while catalase activity was lower in liver or unaltered in kidney. The concentrations of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase and total glutathione responded differently for both tissues and were induced in a different way at both endpoints. No changes of glyoxalase I activity were noted for both Se-treated tissues, while for glyoxalase II enzyme in liver a dose-related pattern was found showing a reversible effect (decreased and increased counteractive response) only in the 5 mg kg⁻¹ group. Moreover, the highest Se concentrations did not cause marked changes in malondialdehyde levels of liver and kidney. The enhancement of glutathione peroxidase activity in Se-treated sturgeon might have prevented the lipid peroxidation in both tissues, providing to the Siberian sturgeon a great defense ability versus the prooxidant effect of selenium.     

基于Ubiquitous-Joint模型的层状岩坡稳定性分析

在应力的作用下,层状岩土体表现出来的力学行为比较复杂,目前广泛使用的各向同性模型不再适用,因此,有必要建立合理描述层状岩质边坡的力学模型。以某公路边坡为工程背景,首先,探讨了层状岩质边坡的失稳机制;然后,利用快速拉格朗日差分法(FLAC3D),建立该边坡的数值分析模型,探讨了强度折减技术在U-biquitous-Joint模型中的实施方法,即对岩体和层理面参数同时进行折减,采用计算不收敛作为边坡临界失稳判据;最后,通过数值计算,分析层状岩质边坡稳定性的影响因素,得到边坡整体安全系数F随节理倾角β先减小后增大,呈现两头高中间低的形态。