On the divergence criterion for runaway detection: Application to complex controlled systems

It is well-known that, for certain values of the operative parameters influencing the dynamic behavior of a chemical reactor, a phenomenon known as thermal runaway (that is, a loss of the reactor temperature control) may arise. Such a situation can be really dangerous because above a certain threshold temperature value unwanted side reactions or, worse, decompositions of the reacting mixture may be triggered evolving high amounts of flammable or toxic gases that can cause reactor pressurization and, eventually, its explosion. For this reason, since the beginning of the previous century a number of studies concerning the prediction of the so called runaway boundaries has been carried out. In this work, a modified version of the divergence criterion for runaway detection, originally developed by Zaldívar and co-workers, is presented. Such a modified divergence criterion is capable of treating whatever type of complex controlled reacting system (taking into account not only temperature control but also dosing strategies) and its reliability has been demonstrated for isoperibolic semibatch reactors using literature experimental data concerning the nitration of 4-Chlorobenzotrifluoride in mixed acids and the nitric acid oxidation of 2-octanol to 2-octanone and further carboxylic acids.     

基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的隧道围岩松动圈分析

分析松动圈的分布范围对优化隧道支护参数,确保隧道施工安全有重要的理论价值,以弹塑性理论计算为基础,利用H-B强度准则推导了理想状态下围岩松动圈厚度的计算公式。当侧压力系数不等于1时,将实测竖直方向和水平方向的初始地应力分别带入,并考虑实际支护力的影响,得到较为准确的围岩松动圈分布规律。在铜旬高速某公路隧道中该方法计算所得围岩松动圈分布范围与围岩深部位移监测所得结果较为接近,验证了基于H-B强度准则的围岩松动圈计算公式的准确性,为确定围岩松动圈半径提供了新的有效方法。     

不同应力-温度路径下平面钢框架火灾反应的非线性分析

采用考虑温度—应力路径影响的高温下钢材的应力—应变关系,对火灾中钢框架结构的反应进行了非线性分析,旨在尝试提出一种更加符合实际情况的钢结构抗火反应分析新方法。根据已有的试验结果,对高温材性试验数据进行了回归分析,得到了Q235钢在升温恒载、升温加载、升温降载3种基本应力—温度路径下单向拉压时的本构关系式,进而得到不同应力—温度路径下热非弹性应力—应变增量关系式。利用虚功原理,推导出不同应力—温度路径下平面钢框架有限元分析的单元热非弹性刚度方程的显式。同时,对增量迭代法进行了修正,提出升温恒载路径、升温加载路径及升温降载路径3种路径之间切换的判断准则,为结构抗火全过程分析提供了理论基础。     

混凝土单轴动态强度理论的探讨

在分析相关试验结果的基础上,系统地对混凝土在单轴动态加载下的强度特征进行了研究分析。结果表明,不仅加载速率对动态强度有着重要的影响,加载速率对材料弹性参数的影响也很大。结果显示:①混凝土在加载初始阶段,应力—应变表现为线性关系,可认为混凝土处于弹性阶段;随着压力的增加,混凝土产生非线性变形,并出现峰后应力下降;②混凝土的抗压极限强度随着加载速率的增加而增加;③混凝土的弹性模量随着加载速率的增加而提高,而泊松比保持不变。最终提出了一种改进的弹性损伤动态强度的本构理论。     

Accumulation of lead and zinc and effects on activities of catalase and GPT in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum A

Acute toxicities of Pb and Zn to clam (if. philippinarum) were determined by a semistatic bioassay. The 96 h LC50 values were 14.28 mg/L for Pb, and 16.40 mg/L for Zn. Exposure of R. philippinarum to various concentration of lead and zinc for a period of 4 days showed that different organs have different capacities for accumulating metals, with high levels in the gill, followed by soft body, and lower amounts in the cavity fluid. Accumulation tests showed that R. philippinarum is a strong accumulator of Pb and weaker accumulator of Zn. The effect of lead on activities of Catalase and GPT were studied in soft body of R. philippinarum. The result showed that the activities of CAT in soft body decreased at all exposure groups, the activities of CAT were negatively correlated with exposure concentration of lead, the special inhibition effect was observed in exposure group of Zn, the CAT activities significantly decreased at lower Zn concentration, then increased slowly with the Zn concentration, finally, decreased to the lowest. The activities of GPT in soft body were significantly increased at high exposure concentrations.     

Computerized hazards analysis : The backbone of a hazards analysis effort/basis for a corporate hazards information exchange

Computerized hazards analysis has many obvious advantages. Criticality codes can be assigned, modified, sorted, grouped, and regrouped. Critical event assignments can be automatically tracked. Graphics capability can show the distribution of various types of hazards dramatically, and the risks involved with each. But, computerized hazards analyses can provide benefits orders of magnitudes beyond those mentioned above. Consider the following: as hazards analyses are performed, i.e., as hazard severity, critical events, and risks are defined for each component and each operator action in your facility, you are relying on the memories of many people for much of your input. The following text includes real life examples of such a situation.     

海洋立管内流流动分析及疲劳寿命预测

涡激振动是立管发生疲劳破坏的关键因素之一。为了更加准确预测其疲劳寿命，基于Van Der Pol尾流振子模型，考虑内外流共同作用对立管的涡激振动影响及横向和顺流向的耦合作用，建立了立管涡激振动方程，用Hermit插值函数和Newmark-β法对方程求解，进一步采用P-M准则对立管疲劳寿命进行分析。并且通过设计试验对模型进行验证，最后研究管内流速对位移响应和疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:立管振动位移随内流流速的增加而增加，造成立管疲劳寿命降低；通过增大顶张力可以有效消除内流的影响；立管两自由度涡激振动疲劳寿命大体相等，因此双向耦合作用在立管振动分析中应给予足够重视。     

基于Hashin准则的单层板渐进失效分析

以Hashin准则作为复合材料单层板的失效判据,基于材料的参数退化准则,并考虑单层板的累计损伤,利用渐进失效分析方法对受单向拉伸的[0]16单层板进行损伤数值分析。数值分析结果与实验结果相当吻合,表明该方法预测单层板的损伤失效比较准确。在此基础上,运用该方法对含圆孔单层板的单向拉伸破坏进行了失效扩展仿真分析,计算了不同单层板的初始和最终失效载荷,揭示最终失效载荷与铺层角度的关系,这对进一步认识复合材料的失效机理有着重要的意义。     

圆形巷道围岩的环向应力及发生岩爆单元分布的数值模拟

利用FLAC模拟了不同水平方向压力(小于竖直方向压力)及岩石峰后不同脆性条件下的圆形巷道破坏过程.岩石服从莫尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为.监测了模型中第1象限对角线上的单元环向应力分布及演化规律.根据徐林生和王兰生提出的环向应力岩爆判据,判断模型中各单元是否发生岩爆.模拟结果...     

结构地震反应性态的物理随机最优控制

本研究发展了结构地震反应性态的随机最优控制理论和方法.这一研究建立在物理随机系统思想的新理论框架下,突破了以It(o)随机微分方程描述动力系统的经典随机最优控制的藩篱.提出了基于系统二阶统计量评价、单目标超越概率和多目标能量均衡的控制器参数设计准则,以及基于概率可控指标的控制器位置设计准则,并将它们统一为物理随机最优控...