城市公共设施安全事故责任主体的辨析

城市公共设施的安全已经影响到社会的正常运转及人们生活的安定。我国大多数城市的公共设施建设与管理比较薄弱,安全事故层出不穷。为了减少事故的发生率,我们必须分析事故的本质原因以及找出事故责任单位,并采取有效的预防措施,将事故控制在萌芽状态。     

考虑中间主应力对圆形巷道Hoek Brown准则解的影响

为了建立更加适用于深部巷道围岩塑性解分析的Hoek Brown准则,获得更加准确的巷道围岩塑性区范围及其支护变形量。通过将洛德参数表示的中间主应力带入Hoek Brown准则中,经过理论公式的推导,获得巷道围岩塑性区的应力和半径以及巷道周边位移的解析解。经算例分析,随着中间主应力的减小,塑性区范围也减小,当中间主应力趋近于第三主应力时,塑性区范围为最小;并且支护阻力和原岩应力对巷道塑性区范围也有一定影响;最后将计算的结果与Mohr-Coulomb准则对应的卡斯特纳解进行比较,发现文中建立的Hoek Brown强度准则更加适用于深部巷道塑性区分析。由此可知考虑中间主应力的Hoek Brown强度准则,更能全面分析巷道围岩塑性区的范围,获得更为准确的结果;在工程实践中,在易破坏的地段取地应力值时,应适当的增大中间主应力的取值,并且刚开挖巷道应及时支护,这样可有效的维护巷道围岩的稳定。     

The Integration of a Genetic Programming-Based Feature Optimizer With Fisher Criterion and Pattern Recognition Techniques to Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring for Load Identification

Identification of electricity energy consumption on individual household appliances used in a smart house is the first important step for making the use and conservation of electricity energy more efficient. In the past, Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) techniques, which are part of smart grid techniques realized to improve electricity energy usage efficiency, have been developed to identify individual appliances with avoiding installing many smart meters for appliances in a field. In this paper, a new NILM technique that integrates an efficient Genetic Programming (GP)-based feature optimizer with pattern recognition techniques is proposed to identify which appliance is being turned on or off. The proposed GP-based feature optimizer with Fisher criterion is used to generate a more efficient feature than original potential transient features extracted from captured transient response of household appliances through analysis of NILM. The new feature generated by GP is used by pattern recognition techniques as load identifiers for load identification. The load identifiers used and compared in this paper include k-Nearest-Neighbor Rule, Back-Propagation Artificial Neural Network, and Learning Vector Quantization. Experiments are conducted under different single-load and multiple-load operation circumstances at different actual experimental environments with small disturbances. As shown from the experimental results, the proposed is confirmed to be feasible and usable.     

Calorimetric studies on the thermal stability of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) formulations

The energetic decomposition of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and its formulations have long been known to present a significant risk. Indeed, MEKP has the highest number of reported decomposition incidents of all organic peroxides, many of which have led to significant numbers of fatalities, injuries and damage. It is noteworthy that incidents have been reported at all stages of the product lifecycle.This paper is derived from incident-investigation work and provides a summary of serious incidents involving MEKP, followed by details of calorimetric experiments performed to investigate thermal stability of representative MEKP formulations containing varying amounts of MEKP monomer. In particular we report the wide degree of variation that exists between commercial MEKP formulations, even between materials that are of the same nominal formulation. Such variations are detectable using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).Follow-up studies performed on a representative MEKP formulation containing MEKP monomer indicate that a risk of decomposition exists at temperatures well below the reported self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) of the products. As such, the experimental results reported here suggest that lower storage temperatures (commonly recommended by manufacturers to maximise shelf life) should be considered as being essential throughout the product lifecycle to reduce the risk of accidents in storage and transportation.     

基于D-P准则的煤层钻孔封孔深度分析

为了确定合理的煤层钻孔封孔深度,提高瓦斯抽采效果,基于D-P屈服准则,提出关于中间主应力、煤岩剪膨胀的巷道开挖模型,推出钻孔周围煤体应力应变及钻孔封孔深度表达式。结合工程实例,以煤巷掘进工作面平均瓦斯抽采浓度和钻屑量为基础进行封孔深度的验证。研究结果表明:中间主应力、残余黏聚力、内摩擦角和剪胀角对于封孔深度有重要影响;在一定区间内,钻孔封孔深度随中间主应力的增大而增加,超过某个值后会随着中间主应力的增加而减小;剪胀角越大,扩容系数越大,钻孔封孔深度越大;平均瓦斯抽采浓度和钻屑量测试结果验证了封孔深度的准确性。     

基于未确知测度理论的安全生产状况评价研究

为研究我国省市的安全生产级别,基于未确知测度理论,建立安全生产状况评价的等级模型。根据实际情况,选取5项评价指标,建立各评价指标的未确知测度函数。利用熵确定各项指标的权重,避免人为主观性对评价的影响,根据多指标综合测度评价向量和置信度识别准则进行评判。结合2009年9省市对应指标统计数据,采用未确知理论对安全生产状况进行评价,并结合实际进行分析。该理论为省、市安全生产提供了指导性的建议和依据。     

Reality and risk of contact-type head injuries related to bicycle-mounted child seats

Objective

The authors have treated numerous children who have been injured by falling from bicycle-mounted child seats. Despite the greatly increased use of such seats, the understanding of their risk and the importance of helmet use remains alarmingly poor. The objective of this study was to confirm the risk of bicycle-mounted child seats and to evaluate the efficacy of helmets, seat belts, and back seat height in terms of preventing or mitigating contact-type head impacts that occur in falls from bicycle-mounted child seats.

Materials and methods

Biometrical dummy tests were performed to examine contact-type head injuries in falls from stationary bicycles. A bicycle with an anthropometric test dummy placed in a bicycle-mounted child seat was tipped over. Each test was repeated three times and three-dimensional acceleration was measured using accelerometer. Head Injury Criteria (HIC) were calculated and the respective influences of a helmet, a seat belt, and increased height of the back of the seat on such impacts were evaluated.

Results

Only helmets unequivocally lowered maximal acceleration and/or HIC values with statistical significance. The seat belt lowered HIC values as long as it was used with the high-back seat. Only when the dummy wore a helmet sitting in a high-back seat did the HIC show less than the threshold of 570 for three-year-old children. The HIC showed the lowest score of 161.5 when the dummy wore both a helmet and a seat belt sitting in a high-back seat.

Conclusions

Riders in bicycle-mounted child seats definitely have higher risks of contact-type head injuries. In transporting a child on a bicycle-mounted child seat, parents must use both a child-bicycle helmet and a high-back child seat at least; a seat belt is highly recommended as long as it is used with the other safety devices.

Impact on Industry

The bicycle-mounted child seat should have a high enough back and an appropriate seat belt to protect the head of the child from a contact-type injury.     

城市防灾减灾设施的层级选址问题建模

提出了城市防灾减灾设施的层级选址问题,并对其进行了分类.针对高低级设施相对独立和相互从属的层级选址问题进行了建模.依据城市防灾减灾设施选址问题的特点,提出了两阶段的层级选址过程:(1)使用位置集合覆盖模型确定能覆盖全部需求点所必需的最少设施数量和位置,作为基本等级设施的选址;(2)对独立型层级选址问题,使用最大覆盖准则确定高级设施的位置,对从属型层级选址问题,使用极小和准则确定高级设施的位置.对层级选址问题模型的应用进行了讨论.     

SBR法间歇式活性污泥系统处理有机废水的实验研究

以生粉和调和油水溶液模拟有机废水,采用SBR（Sequencing Batch Reactor）法对其进行处理,以水样浊度作为评价指标,对SBR反应工序、水样浊度与吸光度的标准曲线以及SBR法对有机废水的处理进行了检测和实验。实验结果表明,SBR反应中曝气池的运行操作由5道工序组成;标准曲线的绘制很好地拟合了水样浊度与吸光度的关系;SBR法对水样有机物的去除率随曝气时间的延长而提高,在曝气3h沉淀1h时,水样有机物的去除率达到71．89％。     

我国淡水水生生物镉基准研究

研究了Cd对我国淡水水生生物的毒性效应,包括43种生物的急性毒性数据和14种生物的慢性毒性数据.同时,参照美国环境保护署（USEPA）颁布的水质基准计算方法,按照基准最大浓度（CMC）和基准连续浓度（CCC）计算了我国淡水水生生物的Cd基准.结果表明,我国淡水生物Cd基准的CMC值和CCC值分别为2.1 μg·L-1和0.23 μg·L-1,与美国淡水生物Cd的基准值有一定差别,研究结果为我国的Cd水质标准研究提供了参考依据.