The transtheoretical model of change in adolescents: implications for injury prevention

INTRODUCTION: Many injury prevention interventions require changes in human behavior to reduce self-risk or risk to others. Promising injury prevention interventions may be discarded if they lack power to create a significant difference in outcomes when judging their ability to "move a person from nonaction or negative action to positive action (safety)." The transtheoretical model of change (TMC) allows greater sensitivity in detecting along the change process where an intervention may be effective. The stages of change consist of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Change is not viewed as an "all or none phenomenon." METHOD: Use of the TMC was examined using a quasiexperimental, cross-over design involving high school agriculture students enrolled in 21 schools in Kentucky (n=9), Iowa (n=7), and Mississippi (n=5). A series of physical and narrative simulations (safety training exercises) were developed with a focus on preventing amputation, spinal cord injury, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and noise-induced hearing loss. Contemplation and action, as part of the TMC, were measured using a 10-item, Likert-type, stages of change (SOC) instrument comprised of two subscales (reliability coefficients were.88 and.81, respectively). The final sample consisted of 790 students (373 treatment and 417 control). RESULTS: There was a significant group effect for both contemplation, F(1,732)=197.4; p<.0001, and action, F(1,730)=106.1; p<.0001. A convenience sample of 29 of the participating students was selected for follow-up farm visits 1 year postparticipation. Of these students, 25 (86%) had made safety behavior changes in their farm work. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The use of the TMC model can provide researchers with greater precision in examining intervention effectiveness in promoting change.     

基于班组安全氛围的建筑工人不安全行为预测

为拓展安全氛围在施工安全管理中的应用,提高建筑工人不安全行为可预测性,提出一种基于班组安全氛围预测建筑工人不安全行为的方法。通过文献研究获取班组安全氛围7个维度,并将其作为输入构建人工神经网络模型,利用问卷数据对模型进行训练、测试与仿真,最后通过实际案例验证模型实用性。研究结果表明:模型均方误差为0.015 4,目标输出与预测输出相关系数R大于0.9,该模型可有效用于建筑工人不安全行为预测,并在实际工程案例中准确识别出3个不安全行为因素。     

高温户外环境电网作业人员热应激预测评价*

为了预测分析户外高温环境下电网作业人员热安全风险,采用预测热应激（Predicted Heat Strain,PHS）模型,考虑人体基础代谢率个体差异性和人体移动与风速对服装热阻和湿阻的影响,应用改进后的预测热应激模型对多种户外高温作业环境工况和不同劳动强度下电网作业人员的核心体温、出汗量等生理参数和最大允许暴露时长进行计算分析。结果表明:在户外高温环境中,随着环境温度、相对湿度和新陈代谢率的升高,电网作业人员的核心体温也随之升高,湿热环境中风速的增加会加剧电网作业人员的热应激;当电网作业人员从事代谢率为240 W/m2高劳动强度工作时,可接受的最大工作时长相比代谢率为190 W/m2中度劳动强度工作时长减小50%以上。研究结果可为电网公司夏季户外工作组织策略制定和作业人员热安全防护提供参考支持。     

The role of interfacial films in the mass transfer of naphthalene from creosotes to water

Viscous, semi-rigid interfacial films that are formed at the interface of certain multi-component non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPLs) and water can significantly reduce the rates of mass transfer of solutes. Creosote-water systems were investigated for their ability to form interfacial films. The effects of these films on the creosote-water partition and on mass transfer of a representative solute, naphthalene, were investigated in a series of experiments. The area-independent mass transfer coefficient of naphthalene contained in creosote decreased by 30% over a 1-week period in systems containing creosote and water. Further aging for up to 21 days did not result in significant additional decreases in the mass transfer coefficient. The creosote-water partition coefficient, however, did not change with extended contact. The presence of viscous interfacial films in creosote-water systems was demonstrated in pendant drop tests. These interfacial films most likely caused the reduction in solute mass transfer coefficients by providing significant resistance to the diffusion of solutes through the interfacial film. Results from mass transfer experiments conducted under different system conditions suggested that hindered diffusion of naphthalene through the bulk creosote phase, changes in composition of creosote as a result of extended dissolution, or changes in creosote-water interfacial area did not contribute to the decrease in naphthalene mass transfer coefficient.     

噪声作业工人血脂水平调查

为了解噪声对接噪工人血脂代谢的影响,选择381名噪声作业工人为观察组,328名不接触噪声职工作为对照组,对两组进行血脂水平检测.结果显示,噪声组的总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TC)明显高于对照组(P＜0.001和＜0.01);TC、TC的异常检出率也高于对照组(P＜0.005和＜0.05).两组间同年龄、同性别的血脂含量及血脂异常检出率存在较大差异.接噪工龄增加,TC均值增大(P＜0.01).调查表明噪声对作业工人的血脂代谢有不良影响,应将血脂含量测定作为噪声作业工人健康监护的项目之一.     

Effect of in-situ formed Al hydrates through long-term aging on enhanced particle destabilization by PACl coagulation

Aging of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulants could significantly influence hydrolyzed Al speciation ruling coagulation performance. The goal of this study was to investigate Al species transformation through long-term aging and its impact on coagulation performance. Two kinds of commercial coagulants (PACl-1 and PACl-2) were stored for in-situ aging tests in six months to evaluate Al species variation with time and the performance of coagulation with natural turbid waters. The results showed that CaSO₄ precipitation easily occur in a commercial PACl coagulant with time as it contains SO₄^2? and Ca²⁺. It also activates the precipitation of gibbsite Al(OH)₃ in PACl with aging. Through 180 days aging, both monomeric Al (Al_a) and polymeric Al (Al_b) substantially transform into colloidal Al (Al_c) and precipitated for both PACl coagulants. At low turbidity (10 NTU), PACl-1 has a superior turbidity reduction rate than PACl-2, while PACl-2 performs a little better turbidity reduction at high turbidity (1000 NTU) regardless of aging time. With aging time, an obvious decrease in turbidity reduction for PACl-1 coagulation is observed at low turbidity of 10 NTU, while the improvement in turbidity reduction for PACl-2 coagulation by enhanced sweep flocculation can be achieved as Al_b mostly transform into Al_c after 150 days aging. It is concluded that dominant in-situ formed Al_c after a long time hydrolysis can improve PACl coagulation efficiency in turbidity reduction by enhanced sweep flocculation, especially for low turbidity water, but the increase in preformed Al_c in PACl would worsen particle destabilization after aging.     

基于图像识别的建筑工人智能安全检查系统设计与实现

为提高建筑工人作业前安全检查的效率和效果,减少事故发生。以图像识别技术为核心支撑,提出了建筑工人智能安全检查系统的结构、功能及运行流程,并对系统运行效果进行了测试。研究和测试表明:该系统具备身份识别、安全装备检查、作业行为能力检查功能,能实现建筑工人作业前的自动、智能安全检查。该系统的身份识别正确率为83.75%、安全帽识别正确率为96.25%、安全带识别正确率为63.75%。该系统具有硬件投入低、检测速度快、准确性高、应用场景广泛的特点。     

The impact of a peer-led participatory health and safety training program for Latino day laborers in construction

Background

Immigrant Latino day laborers working in residential construction are at particularly high risk of fatal and non-fatal traumatic injury and benefit from targeted training.

Objective

To understand the impact of a participatory, peer-facilitated health and safety awareness training customized to the needs of Latino day laborers.

Methods

Baseline surveys exploring exposures, PPE use, attitudes, work practices and work-related injuries were collected from more than 300 New Jersey Latino day laborers in construction prior to their participation in a one day (minimum of six hour) Spanish language health and safety training class. The classes, led by trained worker trainers, engaged participants in a series of tasks requiring teamwork and active problem solving focused on applying safe practices to situations they encounter at their worksites. Follow-up surveys were difficult to obtain among mobile day laborers, and were collected from 70 men (22% response rate) 2-6 months following training. Chi-square analysis was used to compare pre- and post-intervention PPE use, self protective actions, and self-reported injury rates. Focus groups and in-depth interviews addressing similar issues provided a context for discussing the survey findings.

Results

At baseline, the majority of day laborers who participated in this study reported great concern about the hazards of their work and were receptive to learning about health and safety despite limited influence over employers. Changes from baseline to follow-up revealed statistically significant differences in the use of certain types of PPE (hard hats, work boots with steel toes, safety harnesses, and visible safety vests), and in the frequency of self-protective work practices (e.g., trying to find out more about job hazards on your own). There was also a suggestive decrease in self-reported injuries (receiving an injury at work serious enough that you had to stop working for the rest of the day) post-training based on small numbers. Sixty-six percent of workers surveyed post-training reported sharing information from their safety workbook with friends and co-workers. Focus groups and interview results generally confirmed the quantitative findings.

Conclusions

Participatory, peer led training tailored to the needs of construction day laborers may have a positive effect on Latino immigrant workers’ attitudes, work practices, and self reported injury rates, but major changes would require employer engagement.

Impact on Industry

Health and safety researchers have identified reducing the number of traumatic injuries among the immigrant construction workforce as an increasingly important priority. This project provides one model for collaboration between university-based researchers, a union, and a community-based organization. The specific elements of this project—participatory curriculum customized to the needs of day laborers in residential construction, training day laborers to facilitate training classes, and involving peer leaders in outreach and research—could be adapted by other organizations. The findings of this study suggest that the Latino day laborers have a strong interest in and some ability to act on health and safety information. Widespread implementation of this type of training, especially if supported with cooperation from residential contractors, could lead to reduced rates of traumatic injury in the residential construction industry.     

Increasing self-awareness among older drivers: The role of self-screening

Introduction

Self-screening by older drivers has shown considerable promise for increasing self-awareness about functional abilities associated with safe driving. The purpose of this study was to improve upon existing self-screening instruments by focusing entirely on “health concerns” that affect driving - that is, the symptoms that people experience due to medical conditions and the medications used to treat them - rather than the medical conditions or medications themselves.

Method

A computer-based, easy-to-use self-screening instrument for older drivers was developed to provide individualized feedback intended to increase self-awareness about declines in driving-related abilities, as well as suggestions for behavioral changes or safety tips to maintain safe driving, further evaluation from a physician/health professional, and vehicle modifications to help compensate for driving-related declines.

Results

This paper describes the development of the self-screening instrument and summarizes findings relative to increasing self-awareness among older drivers. This research represents an important first step in improving self-awareness among older drivers through self-screening.     

基于改进YOLOX的变电站工人防护设备检测研究

为解决电气工人防护设备检测问题,通过改进YOLOX算法,提出检测工作人员防护设备的模型。首先在预测部分改进损失函数,为解决损失函数计算存在的缺陷,对IOU损失的计算方法进行改进,根据防护设备任务特性,通过调整各种类型损失函数的权重,增加对模型误判的惩罚,对模型进行优化;其次在算法主干网络中引入CBAM注意力模块提高神经网络对工人防护设备的感知能力;最后在算法Neck部分,将UpSample结构用于多尺度特征融合,加强网络的细节表达能力,从而提升对小目标困难样本的检测精度。研究结果表明：改进后的YOLOX模型平均精度均值达到87.24%,与已有YOLOX模型相比提升2.46%,具备有效性,适用于变电站工人防护设备检测。研究结果可为电气工人提供更高的防护装备检测精度。