川中丘陵地区人工桤柏混交林演替过程中有机碳储量变化——以四川省盐亭县为例

川中丘陵地区从20世纪70年代起开始大规模营造人工桤柏混交林,使该区土地利用发生明显变化。在估算人工桤柏混交林不同生长阶段生物量和NPP（净初级生产力）的基础上,探讨了人工桤柏混交林生长过程中年固定有机碳数量以及林地植被有机碳密度的动态变化,并将同期人工桤柏混交林林地植被与农田植被年固定有机碳数量和有机碳密度进行比较。结果表明,该区人工桤柏混交林林地植被早期年固定有机碳的数量比较小,需要到7～8 a树龄,其年固定有机碳数量才与同期耕地植被年固定有机碳数量相当。随着树龄的增加,人工桤柏混交林的植被有机碳密度上升较快,碳汇效应不断增强。3～4 a以上树龄的人工桤柏混交林植被有机碳密度大于同期农田植被的有机碳密度,成熟林（20 a树龄）林地植被有机碳密度是同期农田植被有机碳密度的5倍多。从改善生态环境和减少碳排放的角度看,该区林地合理利用的措施主要包括加强现有人工桤柏混交林的保护和管理,抓好林木的贮存式管理,积极研究和探索人工桤柏混交林改造和合理利用对策等     

湿法脱硫石灰石浆液密度的敏感性分析

石灰石浆液的性能是影响湿法烟气脱硫效率的主要因素,而石灰石浆液的密度又是影响其性能的主要参数。现场制浆过程中,运行参数的变动会使得浆液密度值发生变化,从而影响浆液性能。因此,通过调整制浆系统运行参数,寻找石灰石浆液密度敏感因素,对优化浆液性能具有重要意义。以某600 MW火力发电厂湿式脱硫制浆系统作为研究对象,通过现场...     

污泥裂解过程的形貌学特征参数研究

污泥裂解过程对应的特殊形貌学特征能够反映污泥裂解进行程度,通过全程拍摄处于400％下的污泥裂解反应进程,得到反应不同阶段的图像序列,对该图像序列借助Image Pro Plus v6．3软件进行数字化处理,可以得到描述图像特征的量化值。通过对比各种形貌特征值后发现,污泥裂解过程中,被关注的区域主体面积（用像素表示）和光密度值呈现规律性变化。随污泥裂解进行,关注的区域主体面积从最初的52000像素降至最终的35000像素,污泥图像的基本色红绿蓝（RGB）三通道光密度值从最初的160～180降至最终的70,两者的变化规律与污泥的裂解过程密切相关,并且光密度值能够更加准确地表征污泥裂解进程。通过实验数据拟合,验证了平均光密度和裂解失重率呈线性关系,并且在特定条件下和反应时间的关系满足DoseResp函数,为实现污泥裂解自动化控制提供基础。     

Topographic Effects on Soil Organic Carbon in Louisiana Watersheds

Terrestrial carbon storage is influenced by a number of environmental factors, among which topographic and geomorphological features are of special significance. This study was designed to examine the relationships of soil organic carbon (SOC) density to various terrain parameters and watershed characteristics across Louisiana, USA. A polygon data set of 484 watersheds and 12 river drainage basins for Louisiana was used to form the landscape units. SOC densities were calculated for each soil map unit using the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database. Average drainage densities and average slopes at watershed and basin scales were quantified with the 1:24 K Digital Elevation Models (DEM) data, and the Louisiana hydrographic water features. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to determine relationships among drainage density, slope, elevation, and SOC. The study found an average watershed drainage density of 1.6 km/km² and an average watershed slope of 2.9 degrees in Louisiana. The results revealed that SOC density at both watershed and basin scales was closely related to drainage density, slope, and elevation. SOC density was positively correlated with watershed drainage density, but negatively correlated with watershed slope gradient and elevation. Regression models were developed for predicting SOC density at watershed and basin scales, obtaining regression coefficients (r ²) ranging from 0.43 to 0.83. The study showed that estimation of SOC at watershed and drainage basin scales combining DEM data can be a feasible approach to improve the understanding of the relationships among SOC, topographic, and geomorphological features.     

高含水率疏浚淤泥混合固化轻质土试验研究

疏浚淤泥EPS颗粒混合轻质土是一种新型的轻质土工材料,具有密度小、强度高等特点,在工程中具有广泛的应用前景。本文对高含水率的白马湖疏浚淤泥进行了室内轻质土配比试验,系统分析了水泥掺量、EPS颗粒掺量以及养护龄期等因素对轻质土的密度及无侧限抗压强度这两个重要参数的影响规律。研究结果表明,轻质土的密度主要由EPS颗粒掺量控制,而水泥掺量和养护龄期对轻质土的密度影响较小;轻质土的强度受水泥掺量、EPS颗粒掺量和养护龄期的影响,其强度随龄期与水泥掺量的变化规律与一般水泥土一致,而强度与EPS颗粒掺量之间存在一个阈值。     

控制排水条件下土壤氮素的运移

为研究暗管控制排水与非控制排水条件下, 不同排水出口控制高度对土壤中氮素分布和迁移的影响, 在湖北省荆州市四湖工程管理局丫角排灌试验站进行了野外试验。试验结果表明, 无论采取控制排水与否, 土壤垂直剖面上硝态氮浓度均有一致的变化规律： 20 cm处浓度最高, 在40~60 cm浓度急剧减小, 60~80 cm浓度值很小（1 mg/kg左右）; 控制排水对土壤硝态氮的减小率有显著影响, 表现在控制水位越高, 土层间硝态氮减小率最大; 控制排水能降低表层土壤硝态氮的迁移; 铵态氮与硝态氮迥然不同, 无论采取控制排水与否, 铵态氮在土壤垂直剖面上的含量变化不大; 控制排水对铵态氮的含量也有一定的影响, 表现在控制排水位越低, 土壤中铵态氮的含量越小.     

苏州地区雷电分布规律及对农村安全的影响

利用苏州地区2002年到2007年闪电定位系统监测资料,分析了该地区地闪空间和时间分布特征。结果表明,苏州市区、北部张家港地区是闪电频发的中心地带,太湖流域和苏州市区是强雷电流多发区。而就雷电的时间分布规律而言,苏州地区平均雷暴日的年变化基本上呈正态分布,在夏季达到峰值。闪击次数日变化呈双峰分布,上午10时左右是闪电最少时段,峰值出现在凌晨2时和下午19时,其中19时为日均最高值。夏季19时左右是该地区强对流天气最易发展成熟的时段。同时,还分析了苏州地区农村防雷的现状,发现造成目前雷灾频发的原因既有自然地理位置的因素,也有人为方面的原因,并针对农村安全提出了合理选择防雷设计参数和加强雷电预警预报工作两点建议.     

Mathematical approaches to the analysis of the spatial-age structures of tussock herb species

Some up-to-date methods of analysis of the spatial and age structures of populations, including local population density maps and Ripley’s functions, are described using 20 cenopopulations (CPs) of Adonis vernalis L. as an example. Pregenerative plants have been found to be the most contagious, irrespective of climatic and phytocenotic conditions and land use type. The spatial distribution pattern and structure of A. vernalis are mainly determined by generative plants forming a tussock, irrespective of the climate and vegetation type. This is explained by higher competitiveness of generative plants, which results in a reduced vegetation density at small distances from them (25–50 cm). Within wider areas, plant distribution may be random due to uniformity of local conditions in microhabitats. The formation of distinct plant aggregations is accounted for by insufficient water supply and the intensity and type of anthropogenic impact.     

Role of magnetite and humic acid in radionuclide migration in the environment

Sorption of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹⁵⁴Eu and ¹⁴¹Ce by magnetite has been studied at varying pH (4 to 11) in the presence and absence of humic acid. The sorption studies have also been carried out at varying ionic strength (0.01 to 0.2 M NaClO₄) and humic acid concentration (2 to 20 mg/L). Percentage sorption of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr was found to be pH dependent, with the sorption increasing with increasing pH of the suspension. At any pH, the percentage sorption of ⁹⁰Sr was higher than that of ¹³⁷Cs. The results have been explained in terms of the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged metal ions and the surface charge of the magnetite which becomes increasingly negative with increasing pH. On the other hand, ¹⁵⁴Eu and ¹⁴¹Ce were found to be strongly sorbed by the magnetite at all pH values, with the sorption being independent of pH. The strong sorption of trivalent and tetravalent metal ions suggests the role of complexation reactions during sorption, apart from the electrostatic interactions. However, in the case of ¹⁴¹Ce surface precipitation of Ce(III) formed by reduction of Ce(IV) in the presence of magnetite cannot be ruled out. Presence of humic acid (2 mg/L) was found to have negligible effect on sorption of all metal ions.     

综采工作面隔尘空气幕出口角度对隔尘效果的影响

综采工作面隔尘空气幕的出口角度是影响其隔尘效果的关键因素之一。利用Fluent计算流体力学软件,以河北金牛能源股份有限公司葛泉矿1528综采工作面为研究对象,对空气幕不同出口角度下综采工作面气流流场及空气幕两侧呼吸性粉尘浓度分布进行数值模拟,分析空气幕出口角度对其隔尘效果的影响。研究结果表明:适当调整空气幕出口角度,使气幕射流倾斜于产尘区,有利于提高空气幕的隔尘效果;并获得了阻止采煤机滚筒割煤时所产生的粉尘向司机工作区扩散的最佳空气幕出口角度,即出口角度在5°～10°范围,隔尘空气幕的工作效率较高,采煤机司机处的粉尘浓度最低,并通过现场试验对数值分析结果进行了验证。